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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major control system of homeostasis? |
The endocrine system |
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What is the function of the endocrine system? |
Produce hormones |
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How do the hormones travel in the body? |
They diffuse into the blood |
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What are the effects? |
Slow initial effects, but effects persist much longer |
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Where do the hormones act on? |
Specific targets |
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What hormone is synthesized from cholesterol? |
Steroid hormones |
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What do steroid hormones enter and what do they bind to? |
Steroid receptors enters cells and binds to receptors |
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What happens after a steroid hormone binds to a receptor? |
Steroid hormone/receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA |
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What happens when the steroid hormone binds to DNA? |
Protein synthesis occurs and the proteins alter cell function |
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What is one example of a steroid hormone? |
Testosterone increasing sperm production |
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Do non-steroid hormones enter the cell? |
No |
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What do the 1st messenger of non-steroid hormones bind to? |
Non-steroid receptors bind to receptors on plasma membrane |
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What does the binding of the 1st messenger on the cell membrane trigger? |
Triggers formation of 2nd messenger that alters cellular activities |
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What is an example of a non-steroid hormone? |
Pituitary hormones |
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Endocrine organs you need to know for this final |
Hypothalamus, Pituitaries, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas |
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How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary? |
Communicates with anterior pituitary via portal vein |
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What does releasing hormones do in the anterior pituitary? |
It stimulates hormone production |
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What does inhibiting hormones do in the anterior pituitary? |
It prevents hormone production |
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Anterior Pituitary + Hypothalamus = |
Adenohypophysis |
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What are the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary releases? |
1. thyroid stimulating hormone 2. adrenocorticotropic hormone 3. follicle stimulating hormone 4. luteinizing hormone 5. prolactin 6. growth hormone |
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Posterior pituitary + Hypothalamus = |
Neurohypophysis |
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How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary? |
Via nerve axons, neurons |
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What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release? |
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. Oxytocin |
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What does the thyroid gland regulate? |
Metabolic rate and blood Calcium levels |
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How does the thyroid gland regulate basal metabolic rate? |
Via thyroxine |
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What is released when blood calcium levels are high? |
Calcitonin |
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What is the role of calcitonin? |
It builds bone to increase storage of Calcium in bone when blood calcium levels are too high |
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What hormones increase metabolic rate and regulates body temperature? |
Follicular cells that release thyroid hormones T3 and T4 |
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What is hypothyroidism? |
Low thyroid levels that lead to weight gain, lethargy, and potential depression |
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What is hyperthyroidism? |
Oversecretion of thyroid hormones, or Graves' disease, leads to hyperactivity and insomnia; eyeballs tend to bulge and a goiter |
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How do you treat a patient with hyperthyroidism? |
Removal of the thyroid |
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What happens when blood calcium levels are high? |
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin |
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What happens when blood calcium levels are low? |
Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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What are the 2 portions of the Adrenal Gland? |
1. Adrenal Cortex 2. Adrenal Medulla |
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete? |
Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens |
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Where and when is cortisol released? |
Released from zona fasciculata when under stress |
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What does cortisol do? |
Causes tissues to increase blood glucose, liver storage of glucose (glycogen), and decrease inflammation/immune response |
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Where and when is aldosterone released? |
Released from the zona glomerulosa when blood volume is low |
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What does aldosteron increase and how? |
Increases blood volume by increasing Na+/H2O reabsorption and K+ excretion from kidneys |
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What is secreted in the zona reticularis? |
Sex hormones |
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What is the cause of Cushing's syndrome? |
Hypercorticolism (high levels of glucocorticoid levels) |
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Where do Cushing's patients store fat? |
In cells (face and midsection) that only respond to high levels of insulin |
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What are Cushing's patients at high risk of? |
Type 2 diabetes |
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What is the function of aldosterone? |
It regulates blood volume |
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What part of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone? |
The adrenal cortex |
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What triggers the secretion of aldosterone? |
Angiotestin II |
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What does aldosterone promote the kidney tubules to do? |
Promotes sodium reabsorption |
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What does Na+ do when aldosterone is secreted? |
Na+ moves back into the blood |
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What is the result of Na+ moving back into the blood? |
H2O follows by osmosis |
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What hormones does the adrenal medulla release? |
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and NorEpi (noadrenalin); fight or flight mechanism |
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How does the adrenal medulla receive a neural response? |
The CNS synapses directly with the adrenal medulla |
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What does the adrenal medulla stimulate from adipocytes? |
Stimulates the use of glucose and glycogen and release of lipids form adipocytes |
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What do hormones of the adrenal medulla do? |
Increase HR, BP Vasoconstrict blood vessels |
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What happens when you stress and have low blood glucose levels in relation to your adrenal medulla? |
There is an increase in Epi and NorEpi |
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What hormone does the posterior pituitary release? |
Posterior pituitary will antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin |
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When does the posterior pituitary release ADH? |
Posterior pituitary releases ADH when blood osmolarity is high |
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What does it mean when blood osmolarity is high? |
High blood osmolarity indicates the patient is dehydrated |
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What is the ADH target? |
The kidney |
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What does the kidney do when triggered by ADH? |
It reabsorbs H2O back into body to decrease blood osmolarity Less urine is formed |
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What occurs during diabetes insipidus? |
Less water reabsorption and excessive urination |
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What is there a lack of if someone has diabetes insipidus? |
There is a decrease of ADH due to damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary OR damage to kidney so water reabsorption is inhibited |
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What kinds of functions does the pancreas control? |
Digestive and endocrine functions |
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What does the endocrine portion of the pancreas contain? |
Islet of Langerhans |
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What do alpha cells release? |
Alpha cells release glucagon |
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What do beta cells release? |
Beta cells release insulin |
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What do alpha and beta cells regulate? |
Alpha and beta cells regulate blood glucose levels |
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What is released into the blood when blood glucose levels are low? |
Glucagon |
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How does blood glucose increase? |
Alpha cells cause the liver to break down glycogen |
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What is released into the blood when blood glucose is high? |
Insulin |
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What do beta cells do? |
Causes glucose to go into body cells
Liver cells store glucose as glycogen |
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What hormone does the Pineal Gland release? |
Melatonin |
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What is the target tissue of melatonin? |
Hypothalamus |
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What does melatonin regulate/ |
Sets Diurnal clock/circadian rhythms and promotes sleep |
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What hormone does the Thymus release? |
Thymosins |
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What is the target tissue of Thymosins? |
T cells of the immune system Lymphocytes Antibodies |
