A&p I - Lecture - Final

Front 1

Positive feedback includes:

Back 1

Blood clotting and uterine contractions

Front 2

Drinking water until hydrated is an example of _________ feedback

Back 2

negative

Front 3

Mouth region:

Back 3

Buccal

Front 4

Arm region:

Back 4

Brachial

Front 5

Front elbow region:

Back 5

antecubital

Front 6

Belly button region:

Back 6

Umbilical

Front 7

Front of hip region:

Back 7

Inguinal

Front 8

Leg region:

Back 8

Femoral

Front 9

Back shoulder region:

Back 9

Scapular

Front 10

Lower back:

Back 10

lumbar

Front 11

Back of knee:

Back 11

Popiteal

Front 12

Calf region:

Back 12

Sural

Front 13

4 Main Types of Tissues:

Back 13

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Front 14

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue –

Back 14

Simple, single flat layer. Found in places that need exchange or rapid diffusion (Example: Lining blood vessels and lungs)

Front 15

Stratified Squamous ET –

Back 15

Many layers for protection. On skin and esophagus.

Front 16

Simple Cuboidal ET –

Back 16

Glandular cells that make products, filtering

Front 17

Simple Columnar ET –

Back 17

Digesting and absorbing nutrients

Front 18

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar –

Back 18

Looks like it has layers. Has cilia. Found in trachea and uterine/fallopian tubes. General function is movement.

Front 19

Transitional ET -

Back 19

Stretchy. In bladder

Front 20

Exocrine gland

Back 20

(Sweat glands, etc. Secretes to outside of the body and mucus membranes)

Front 21

Endocrine gland

Back 21

Pancreas, etc. Produces into the blood stream

Front 22

Connective tissue has ____ cells (mostly matrix), but is the ______ common cell with lots of variation.

Back 22

few...most

Front 23

“Histology” is….

Back 23

the study of tissues

Front 24

The 6 types of connective tissue:

Back 24

Dense Fibrous Regular CT, Adipose CT, Areolar CT, Osseous CT, Cartilage CT, and Blood

Front 25

Dense Fibrous Regular CT –

Back 25

For flexible support. Collagen fibers everywhere with just a few cells. The cells that produce collagen are call fibroblasts. Underneath the skin. (There is also Dense Fibrous “Irregular”.)

Front 26

Adipose CT –

Back 26

Fat. For cushion, insulation, energy. Found around the heart, superficial to the skin, greater omentum.

Front 27

Areolar CT –

Back 27

Providing ample blood supply because of a mix of fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular. Also has lots of white blood cells to fight infection. Underneath epithelial layers. Sometimes called lamina propria

Front 28

Osseous CT –

Back 28

Gives strong support. Bones, duh. Bone is composed of cells called “osteocytes”. Matrix has 2 things: Calcium salts (to make it hard) and collagen (to make it flexible).
eft. Divides into top and botto

Front 29

Cartilage CT –

Back 29

Provides flexible support. Composes nose, ears, tracheal supports, connecting rib bone to sternum (costal cartilage), in bone joints (articular cartilage). Three types of cartilage: Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic

Front 30

Hyaline cartilage connective tissue -

Back 30

Nose, tracheal support, costal cartilage

Front 31

Fibrous cartilage connective tissue -

Back 31

intervertebral discs, inside knee “meniscus, pubic symphysis (relaxes to allow childbirth)

Front 32

Elastic Cartilage -

Back 32

ears, epiglottis

Front 33

Blood CT –

Back 33

Transportation. The only connective fibers are there during a blood clot

Front 34

Study of the function of living things –

Back 34

physiology

Front 35

Sagittal Section –

Back 35

Divides the down the body/organ, from top to bottom. Divides into left and a right. (Mid sagittal, Para sagittal)

Front 36

Transverse Section –

Back 36

A slice from right to left. Divides into top and bottom. (also “Cross section”)

Front 37

A person laying face down is:

Back 37

prone

Front 38

Abdominal area is divided two different ways:

Back 38

Quadrants and regions.

Front 39

Abdominal regions from the patient’s top right:

Back 39

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac // Right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar // Right iliac, hypogastric, and left hypogastric.

Front 40

Sterile membrane -

Back 40

a membrane with no normal exposure to outside pathogens

Front 41

Parietal pleura –

Back 41

(“Wall”-“lung”)

Front 42

Visceral pleura –

Back 42

(“Internal”-“lungs”)

Front 43

Plural cavity –

Back 43

Space between parietal and visceral layers. Contains serous fluid, which reduces friction.

Front 44

Pleurisy –

Back 44

lung membrane infection

Front 45

Parietal pericardium -

Back 45

(“Wall”-“around heart”)

Front 46

Visceral pericardium –

Back 46

(“Internal” – “around heart”)

Front 47

Percarditis –

Back 47

Inflammation of pericardial cavity

Front 48

Pericardial Cavity –

Back 48

Contains serous fluid to reduce friction within the heart

Front 49

Visceral peritoneum –

Back 49

(“Internal”- “around intestines”)

Front 50

Parietal peritoneum –

Back 50

(“Walls”-“around intestines”)

Front 51

Peritonitis –

Back 51

Inflammation of the area between the membranes in the intestines

Front 52

Sudoriferous gland:

Back 52

Sweat glands that are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin. They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.

Front 53

Eccrine -

Back 53

cover all surfaces and cools off and lubricates

Front 54

apocrine -

Back 54

activates at puberty. Found in armpits/groin. The source of body odor.

Front 55

Sebaceous gland –

Back 55

Makes oil in the hair gland.

Front 56

Arrector pili muscle –

Back 56

Pulls the hair up to stand on end

Front 57

Hypodermis –

Back 57

Also called “subcutaneous”

Front 58

Stratum corneum –

Back 58

the “hard” top layer of skin

Front 59

Melanocytes –

Back 59

produces melanin

Front 60

Stratum basale –

Back 60

Produces the stratified squamous

Front 61

Adipose –

Back 61

Stores triglycerides

Front 62

Cutaneous membrane:

Back 62

Skin. Epidermis epithelium on top of dermis connective tissue.

Front 63

Mucous membranes:

Back 63

line body cavities that open to outside (respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts). Epithelium on top of lamina propria (areolar connective tissue).

Front 64

Serous membranes:

Back 64

line body cavities that are not exposed to outside. They consist of two layers and secrete a thin fluid (serous fluid) into the space between the two layers. This fluid reduces friction when intestines move; when the lungs expand; and when the heart beats.

Front 65

Somatic –

Back 65

voluntary. Controls skeletal muscles.

Front 66

Autonomic –

Back 66

involuntary. Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 67

Motor output –

Back 67

efferent

Front 68

Sensory input –

Back 68

afferent

Front 69

Wernicke’s Area –

Back 69

a key vocabulary area of the brain.

Front 70

Hypothalamus of the Diencephalon -

Back 70

In charge of creating homeostasis (Balance in temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep)

Front 71

Axon –

Back 71

The projection going out from the cell body of the neuron.

Front 72

Nucleus –

Back 72

CNS: A group of cell bodies in the brain or the spinal cord

Front 73

Tract –

Back 73

Group of axons in the CNS is a tract

Front 74

Ganglion –

Back 74

PNS: group of cell bodies in the PNS. (Found outside of the spinal cord, solar plexus, and behind they eye)

Front 75

Nerve –

Back 75

A group of axons in the PNS

Front 76

Lobe responsible for voluntary motor output:

Back 76

Voluntary activity via the precentral gyrus (AKA, the primary motor cortex) in the frontal lobe

Front 77

Memory and olfactory pathways sometimes cross in:

Back 77

Temporal lobe

Front 78

The 4 Brain regions:

Back 78

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem

Front 79

The three structures that form the diencephalon:

Back 79

hypothalamus, thalamus, and Epithalamus

Front 80

Meninges –

Back 80

the layers of membranes that envelope the central nervous system,

Front 81

The three meninge, from superficial to deep:

Back 81

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 82

Produces Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 82

choroid plexus

Front 83

The three parts of the brainstem:

Back 83

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 84

Main function of the cerebellum:

Back 84

Coordinate fine motor movement:

Front 85

Layer if the dura mater that attaches to the skin:

Back 85

Periosteum

Front 86

Large sinus that collects CSF returning to the blood. Between the two hemispheres:

Back 86

superior sagittal sinus.

Front 87

Lysozymes –

Back 87

antimicrobial substance in tears, saliva, and sweat

Front 88

Retina –

Back 88

layer of the eyes with neuronal receptors

Front 89

Eustacian tube –

Back 89

Structure that connects the throat with the middle ear

Front 90

Cornea –

Back 90

Part of the eye that lacks blood supply to it isn’t rejected if transplanted

Front 91

Oculomotor controls _________, _________, _________, and _________ eye muscles

Back 91

superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique

Front 92

The lens of the eye _____ to see far away

Back 92

bends

Front 93

Sound waves vibrate the ______ membrane (eardrum) which transmits the movement to the ______, which moves the gel in the cochlea.

Back 93

Tymphanic….ossicles

Front 94

Cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system –

Back 94

olydendrocytes

Front 95

The sight on the neuron that fires the action potential if the stimulus is strong enough –

Back 95

Axon hillock

Front 96

Action potentials “jump” from one node of ranvier to another through -

Back 96

salutatory conduction.

Front 97

Cells that myelinate axon in the PNS –

Back 97

Schwann Cells

Front 98

Meninge layer with blood vessels –

Back 98

pia mater

Front 99

Procedure in which a small amount of CSF is removed from below the spinal cord –

Back 99

spinal tap/lumbar puncture

Front 100

Cells that are ciliated and help to circulate CSF –

Back 100

Ependymal

Front 101

Falx cerebri -

Back 101

Layer of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres

Front 102

Diencephalon is part of the ______ brain (limbic system)

Back 102

emotional

Front 103

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the _______ and is returned to the blood stream via the _________

Back 103

subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi

Front 104

Microglia cells have many functions:

Back 104

waste recycling, circulating cerebrospinal fluid, and myelinating CNS axons.

Front 105

The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by –

Back 105

The intventricular foramen

Front 106

Structure involved in emotional gesturing –

Back 106

cingulate gyrus

Front 107

Brain cancer is more likely caused by _______ cells instead of _______

Back 107

neuroglial, neuron

Front 108

The spinal nerve contains _____ and _____ neurons

Back 108

sensory, motor

Front 109

Action potential –

Back 109

What causes calcium channels to open in the axon terminal?

Front 110

Dorsal root ganglion –

Back 110

location of the PNS cell bodies

Front 111

Phenatic nerve –

Back 111

controls the diaphram

Front 112

Dopamine:

Back 112

The “feel good/reward” NT. Fine-tunes motor movements.

Front 113

Glutamate:

Back 113

Learning and memory. Involved in OCD and addiction.

Front 114

Serotonin:

Back 114

Mood drug/regulation. Deficiency results in depression. Anti-depressants block reuptake.

Front 115

GABA:

Back 115

Primary inhibitory NT, alcohol and Valium releases GABA.

Front 116

Acetylcholine:

Back 116

In the brain, but also released onto skeletal muscles. Mediator of parasympathetic functions.

Front 117

Norepinephrine:

Back 117

Feel good NT. Mediate of sympathetic actions

Front 118

Spinal bifida –

Back 118

when the vertebral arch does not completely close in a young baby

Front 119

Hypoglossal –

Back 119

nerve that moves the tongue

Front 120

Perineurium –

Back 120

surrounds each fascicle in a muscle

Front 121

-neurim –

Back 121

nerve

Front 122

-steum –

Back 122

bone

Front 123

-mysium -

Back 123

muscle

Front 124

Adrenaline –

Back 124

released onto the adrenergic receptors or their effectors

Front 125

T1-L2 –

Back 125

Location of the sympathetic neurons’ originations

Front 126

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) causes two parasympathetic effects:

Back 126

constricts pupil and bends lens (to see close)

Front 127

Glycogenesis –

Back 127

the process of converting amino acids and fatty acids into glucose

Front 128

Sympathetic chain ganglia –

Back 128

Location where many sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons

Front 129

_______ glands release epinephrine (adrenaline) directly into the blood stream when stimulated by sympathetic fibers

Back 129

adrenal

Front 130

Foramen through which three cranial nerves pass (including the vagus) –

Back 130

Jugular foramen

Front 131

Periosteum contains –

Back 131

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 132

Mandibular -

Back 132

Branch of the trigeminal nerve that moves chewing muscles

Front 133

Osteclasts –

Back 133

move over the bone secreting HCl and lysozymes

Front 134

Osteoblasts move like _____ until they settle in one spot and produce bone matrix

Back 134

amoebas

Front 135

Intervertebral discs -

Back 135

Made of collagen fibers (annulus fibrousus) on the outside, Nucleus pulposus on the inside.

Front 136

Nucleus pulposus –

Back 136

A glycoprotein that makes of the inside of intervertebral discs. Draws water to it through osmotic pressure.

Front 137

Lumber curvature –

Back 137

last to develop, when a child is beginning to walk

Front 138

Lordosis –

Back 138

abnormal or overproduced lumber curvature

Front 139

Perforating canal –

Back 139

contains blood vessels, arteries, nerves, and is the main blood supply to the osteons

Front 140

A Band –

Back 140

Where myosin and actin overlap. The dark part. “It’s myosin and clan, it’s the A Band”.

Front 141

I Band –

Back 141

Actin-only. The lighter striation. (“Tall and thin, it’s actin!”)

Front 142

H zone –

Back 142

Myosin only

Front 143

Z discs/line –

Back 143

The anchors between actin fibers. The borders of the sarcomere.

Front 144

Motor unit –

Back 144

A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles that it stimulates

Front 145

Sarcomere –

Back 145

contractile unit of muscle tissue

Front 146

Fassicle –

Back 146

a discrete bundle of muscle cells

Front 147

Endomysium –

Back 147

connective tissue around each muscle

Front 148

Synarthroses –

Back 148

“Together joint”. Immoveable joint. Such as sutures. Made of fibrous connective tissues

Front 149

Amphiarthroses –

Back 149

“Both joint”. Slightly moveable. Joint made of fibrocartilage. Such as pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs

Front 150

Synovial –

Back 150

“Together with egg”. Fluid looks like egg whites. Most joints are synovial.

Front 151

_________ binds to troponin

Back 151

calcium

Front 152

Sarcoplasmic reticulum –

Back 152

area of calcium storage in a muscle

Front 153

Tropomyosin –

Back 153

protein that covers myosin-binding sites on actin

Front 154

Hydrolysis of ATP –

Back 154

Process that cocks myosins head into the high-energy configuration

Front 155

Myglobin –

Back 155

stores oxygen in muscle cells, makes them appear darker

Front 156

Glycolysis –

Back 156

(Glucose > pyruvate) 2 atp made (45 secs worh). Waste: Lactic acide

Front 157

Creatine phosphate –

Back 157

Direct phosphorilation of ADP > ATP) 1 atp made (10 secs worth). Waste: creatine

Front 158

Oxidative phosphorilation –

Back 158

(Pyruvate + O2 > ATP + CO2) 32 ATP made.

Front 159

Concentric –

Back 159

Muscle actively shortens. Such as the Bicep curl.

Front 160

Eccentric –

Back 160

Muscle actively lengthens

Front 161

Isometric contractions –

Back 161

Muscle length remains the same. Thanks to stretchy, bungy Titin (not classicly considered a contraction)

Front 162

Cranial nerves are part of the ______ nervous system

Back 162

peripheral