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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the respiratory ?system? |
Provides extensive gas exchange surface area Filters, warms, and humidifies air Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment Speech Aids in pH regulation |
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What do cells require for cellular metabolism, maintenance, growth, defense, and division? |
Oxygen |
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What is the byproduct of cellular metabolism? |
Carbon dioxide CO2 + plasma --> carbonic acid --> H+ bicarbonate ion Tissues release H+ as well |
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What do cells do in the respiratory and circulatory system? |
Cells need to remove CO2 and take in O2 |
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What type of epithelial cells line the Nasal Cavity and the Conducting System? |
CIliated columnar epithelial cells |
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What does pulmonary ventilation rely on in terms of pressure? |
It relies on gas traveling from high to low pressure |
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What is Boyle's Law? |
Pressure is inversely related to volume |
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What do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do during inspiration? |
They contract |
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What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration? |
Volume increases |
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What happens to pressure during inspiration? |
Pressure decreases |
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Where does air go during inspiration? |
Air goes into the lungs |
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What happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during expiration? |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax NS stimulus stops |
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What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during expiration? |
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases |
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What happens to pressure during expiration? |
Pressure increases |
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What happens to tissues during expiration? |
elastic recoil |
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Where does air go during expiration? |
Out of the lungs |
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How are respiratory movements classified? |
Pattern of muscle activity Into quiet breathing and forced breathing |
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What does quiet breathing (Eupnea) involve? |
Involves active inhalation and passive exhalation |
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What is diaphragmatic breathing? |
Deep breathing dominated by the diaphragm |
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What is Costal Breathing? |
Shallow breathing dominated by rib cage movements |
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What is the other name for forced breathing? |
Hyperpnea |
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What is forced breathing? |
Involves active inhalation and exhalation Assisted by accessory muscles Max levels occur in exhaustion |
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How does the respiratory system adapt to changing oxygen demands? |
Varying the # of breaths per minute (RR) and varying the volume of air moved per breath (TV) |
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What is TV? |
Amount of air you move in a single breath Approx. 500 ml |
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What is IRV? |
Amount of air you can forcibly take in above TV Approx. 3,000 ml |
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What is ERV? |
Amount of air you can forcibly exhale past TV Approx. 1,000 ml |
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What is RV? |
Air that remains in lungs Approx. 500 ml |
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What is VC? |
Max amount of air moved through lungs Approx 4,500 ml |
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What is the eqn for VC? |
VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
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What is FVC measuring? |
Your vital capacity when you forcefully exhale |
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What is FEV 1? |
Forced expiratory volume after 1 second |
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What test do you use to determine if you have a respiratory disease? |
FVC Test |
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What is the FVC test result of a healthy person? |
Actual FVC > or = Predicted FVC |
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What is the FVC result of a person with restrictive pulmonary disease? |
FVC < Predicted |
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FEV1/FVC *100=80% |
Another way that indicates a person is healthy |
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How do you know if the person has an obstructive pulmonary disease? |
%FEV1 is < 80% |
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What is gas exchange also known as? |
Respiration |
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Where does gas exchange occur? |
Occurs across respiratory membranes alveolar wall + capillary wall |
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How do gases diffuse? |
From high concentration --> low concentration |
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What epithelial cells are alveoli sacs made out of? |
Simple squamous epithelial epithelial tissue |
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What is the function of alveoli? |
It is the site of gas exchange between circulatory and respiratory systems |
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What reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing? |
Surfactant |
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In external respiration, gas exchange occurs between alveolus and alveolar capillary |
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In internal respiration, gas exchange occurs between systemic capillary and interstitial fluid |
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As temperature increases, what happens to the affinity of Hgb and O2? |
Increasing temperatures decrease affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen |
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Where does binding of hemoglobin and oxygen occur? |
This occurs in the interstitial fluid |
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What is the Bohr Effect? |
THe Bohr effect is when CO2 and decreased pH decrease the affinity of Hgb to O2. The effect of pH of Hgb saturation curve due to CO2 When there is excess CO2, we have excess H+ |
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As pH decreases what happens to the affinity of Hgb to O2? |
Affinity decreases |
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Where does affinity occur in terms of pH? |
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What is CO2 transported as in the bloodstream 70% of the time? |
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
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What does carbonic acid dissociate into? |
Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-) Chloride ion shift |
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What forms carbaminohemoglobin? |
23% of CO2 that is bound to amino groups of globular proteins in Hb molecule |
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How much of CO2 is dissolved in plasma? |
7% is transported as CO2 dissolved in plasma |
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Where does CO2 from the peripheral tissues go? |
CO2 gets dissolved into the venous blood |
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What absorbs the dissolved CO2 in the venous blood? |
RBC |
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What is the equation for carbaminohemoglobin? |
CO2 + Hb --> Hb*CO2 (23%) |
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What happens when CO2 binds to H2O? |
Carbonic acid is formed |
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What is the equation for Carbonic Acid? |
CO2 + H2O -->H2CO3 |
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What speeds up the process of converting CO2 to carbonic acid? |
Carbonic anhydrase |
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What does carbonic acid dissociate to? |
H2CO3 -->HCO3- +H+ |
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Where does the sodium bicarbonate in the RBC travel? |
HCO3- moves out of the cell and populates 70% of the plasma |
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What shift occurs when HCO3- moves out of the RBC? |
Chloride shift moves in chloride to the RBC |
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Where does the dissolved CO2 in the plasma travel? |
Dissolved CO2 travels into the alveoli |
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What part of the brain controls inspiration and expiration? |
Medulla Oblongota |
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What cells are found in the medulla oblongota? |
Respiratory neurons |
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Where do neurons modulate ventilation? |
Pons |
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How do we have a rhythmic pattern of breathing? |
It arises from a network of spontaneously discharging neurons |
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What are chemoreceptors? |
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What are the sensory modifiers of Respiratory Center Activities? |
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, irritating physical or chemical stimuli, and pain, changes in body temp, abnormal visceral sensations |
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Where are baroreceptors found? |
In the aortic arch or carotid sinus |
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What stimulates baroreceptors? |
Changes in blood pressure |
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What are chemoreceptors sensitive to? |
Pressure of CO2 Pressure of O2 pH of blood or CSF |
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What do stretch receptors respond to? |
It responds to changes in lung volume |
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What is the relationship between blood pressure and respiration? |
They are inversely proportional |
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When blood pressure falls, what happens to respiration? |
Respiration increases |
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When blood pressure increases, what happens to respiration? |
Respiration decreases |
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What happens to blood pressure in the upper body when you stand up quickly? |
BP falls |
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What sensors are stimulated when blood pressure decreases? |
Baroreceptors in the Aortic Arch and the Carotid Sinus |
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WHat is the integrator when blood pressure decreases? |
Medulla Oblongota |
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What are the effectors when blood pressure decreases? |
Veins/Arteries Heart muscle SA Node |
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What is the response of the effectors when blood pressure decreases? |
Veins/Arteries: Vasoconstrict Heart muscle: Increased stroke volume SA Node: Increases HR |
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What is the result of the homeostatic feedback loop when blood pressure decreases? |
Blood pressure increases BP = CO x R |
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Where are central chemoreceptors located? |
Medulla Oblongota |
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What is the function of central chemoreceptors? |
Central chemoreceptors sense changes in pressure of CO2-->pH of CSF |
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Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? |
Carotid and aortic arteries |
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What is the function of Peripheral chemoreceptors? |
Peripheral chemoreceptors sense changes in pressure of O2 and pressure of pressure of CO2 |
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Homeostatic feedback loop for PO2 and PCO2 |
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Why can you hold your breath longer when you hyperventilate? |
You would hold your breath longer because your body needs to retain more CO2, which is the stimulus in your body for inspiration. Your brain doesn't get the ANS signal to inspire from CO2 during hyperventilation. Result is a slower rate and increased depth |
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WHy can you not hold your breath as long when you breathe into a bag? |
? |
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What results in excessive stimulation of respiratory chemoreceptors? |
It leads to a higher set point for CO2 as in the case of COPD |
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Why must you be careful when you give COPD patients O2? |
CO2 doesn't accumulate so they don't breathe |
