Lecture Exam 2 (Set 2)

Front 1

Characteristics of receptors

Back 1

-memory proteins
-intracellular
-if cell does not have receptor, cell is blind to it
-different cells have different receptors for same chemical
-receptor determines response, not signal
-ligand/1st messengers/signal= means same

Front 2

Classes of Receptors

Back 2

-gated channels
-integrins
-receptor enzyme
-G-protein linked receptors
-intracellular receptors

Front 3

Gated channels:

Back 3

-closed unless gets right signal
-they open when they get signal
-allow ions to move across cell membrane--ions will change membrane potential

Front 4

Integrins:

Back 4

-can be attached to extracellular matrix and also inside cell
-will restructure or reorganize cell shape structure
-turn enzyme on or off--connected to enzyme
-cell recognition, immune system

Front 5

Receptor enzyme:

Back 5

-outside is receptor
-on other side of membrane is enzyme, so will start chemical reaction
-called protein kinase--causes phosphorylation (adding phosphate)

Front 6

G-protein linked receptors:

Back 6

-binds to receptor
-receptor activates G-protein
-then G-protein does something else
-can turn on or off enzymes
-can open gated ion channels

Front 7

Intracellular receptors:

Back 7

-all the way inside cell--in cytoplasm or nucleus
-when activated, they turn on specific genes in DNA
-new mRNA made

Front 8

Agonists:

Back 8

molecule that mimicks the real signal or messengers

Front 9

Antagonists:

Back 9

molecule that binds to receptor and prevents real signal from binding and having effect

Front 10

Down regulation:

Back 10

-decrease in # of receptors or decrease in ability of signal to receptor
-can happen if too much signal or agonist around or around for too long

Front 11

Up regulation:

Back 11

-increase in # of receptors over time
-can occur if you have less signal present
-totally separate signal that tells cell to make receptors for that signal

Front 12

Hydrophilic

Back 12

-water-liking, aka lipophobic
-rely on having membrane receptors

Front 13

Hydrophobic

Back 13

-water-hating, aka lipophilic
-could diffuse right through, can get inside using intracellular receptors

Front 14

Signal transduction:

Back 14

relaying binding of signal to receptor to response a change inside the cell

Front 15

amplification

Back 15

when one signal can make change

Front 16

cascades

Back 16

2nd messenger-->cascades

Front 17

membrane transducers

Back 17

have protein in membrane that will relay signal

Front 18

types of membrane transducers

Back 18

gated
integrin
receptor enzymes
G-protein linked receptor
Intracellular receptor

Front 19

Chemical messengers

Back 19

amino acids
amines
peptides and proteins
steroids
eicosanoids

Front 20

Amino acids

Back 20

primarily in nervous system

Front 21

Amines

Back 21

-derived from amino acids, tyrosine will turn into Epi, tryptophan will turn into dopamine and histidine will turn into histamine
-are H2O soluble--will use membrane receptors

Front 22

Peptides and proteins

Back 22

-too big to get through membrane
-water soluble
-will only use membrane receptors

Front 23

Steroids

Back 23

-derived from cholesterol
-occus in mitochondria and smooth ER
-lipid soluble
-will use intracellular receptors--can get inside

Front 24

Eicosanoids

Back 24

-can be made by almost any cell type in body if they get correct signal
-most of the time act as paracrine
-made from fatty acid--lipid soluble
-use intracellular receptors

Front 25

Steps for intracellular receptors:

Back 25

1. Hormone will diffuse across membrane and into cell
2. Can be chemically modified
3. Will bind to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
4. Hormone will bind to receptor inside nucleus
5. Hormone receptor complex will bind to specific place on DNA
6. Will trigger formation of new mRNA (transcription)
7. mRNA go out into cytoplasm where translation occurs
8. Can change cell metabolism, structure, function
9. Amplification needed during transcription

Front 26

Process for membrane receptors

Back 26

1. Signal binds to receptor
2. Hormone receptor complex activates G-protein
3. G-protein activates enzyme, adenylate cyclate
4. Takes ATP and hooks into circular molecule making cAMP
5. cAMP goes into cell and causes change
6. cAMP activate enzyme protein kinases
7. Protein and ATP-->protein+ADP, phosphorylate protein
8. change occurs in cell

Front 27

Phosphodiesterase

Back 27

enzyme that breaks down cAMP

Front 28

Endocrine system characteristics:

Back 28

-control system in body
-hormones are released and go into blood and everywher in body
-all cells exposed
-only cells that respond are ones with correct receptor
-frequently released in response to need in body
-different cell types respond differently to same hormones because receptors are different
-cause substantial biochemical changes inside cell
-effects of hormones last different time

Front 29

What determines how long hormone lasts?

Back 29

1. Time pattern of hormone release:
-some constant
-regularly released
-only released on demand
2. How long does it last in blood
-amines, peptides and proteins tend to last shorter time
-steroids last longer
3. How long does effect last after hormone is gone

Front 30

Direct effect (hormone action)

Back 30

hormone goes to target cell and causes change

Front 31

Permissive effect (hormone action)

Back 31

action of one hormone allows a second, different hormone to have effect

Front 32

Synergistic effect (hormone action)

Back 32

action of two or more hormones on target produce beast response

Front 33

Antagonistic effect (hormone action)

Back 33

action of two hormones on single target are opposite each other

Front 34

Trophic (tropic) effect) (hormone action)

Back 34

one hormone causes release of another hormone

Front 35

pituitary gland

Back 35

-divided into two parts: anterior and posterior
-during development, came from different tissues

Front 36

posterior pituitary gland

Back 36

-embryonically from brain nerve cells located in hypothalamus
-sometimes called "neurohyphysis"
-hormones released are made by neurons called neurohormones

Front 37

anterior pituitary gland

Back 37

-no direct neural connections to hypothalamus
-only connection is by way of circulatory system
-hypothalamus still controls it, in different way
-hormones can have different effects
-stimulating hormones--will cause anterior pituitary to release hormones
-inhibiting hormones--turn off release of hormone, will cause anterior pituitary to stop

Front 38

Functions of endocrine system:

Back 38

-help control internal environment
-respond to large changes in internal environment
-helps coordinate growth and development
-contributes to basic processes of reproduction
-helps regulate organic metabolism and energy balance (ATP)

Front 39

Pituitary gland functions:

Back 39

1. Control thyroid gland
2. Regulates growth
3. Regulates reproduction
4. Regulates skin pigmentation

Front 40

Thyroid gland functions:

Back 40

1. Regulates organic metabolism and energy balance
2. Regulates growth and development
3. Regulates activity of nervous system

Front 41

Parathyroid gland functions:

Back 41

Regulates concentration of ions in blood, specifically Ca+2 and HPO4-2

Front 42

Adrenal gland functions:

Back 42

1. Helps control H2O and electrolyte balance
2. Helps control normal organic metabolism
3. Helps make body resistant to stress
4. Helps regulate sexual activity

Front 43

axonal transport

Back 43

can move at different speeds, both directions

Front 44

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Back 44

carrying information into central nervous system

Front 45

Interneurons (association)

Back 45

in between sensory and motor neurons

Front 46

Motor neurons (efferent)

Back 46

carrying information out of central nervous system out of body

Front 47

Glial cells

Back 47

supporting cells

Front 48

Types of glial cells:
Schwann cells

Back 48

make myelin in PNS

Front 49

Oligodendrocyte

Back 49

make myelin in CNS

Front 50

Astrocyte

Back 50

span between blood vessel and neuron, pick up nutrients and transfer to neuron

Front 51

Microglia

Back 51

wander around and get rid of foreign cells, damaged, perform phagocytosis in CNS

Front 52

current

Back 52

when something that is charged (ions) moves

Front 53

Separating charges

Back 53

potential energy, ex battery

Front 54

voltage

Back 54

current that is doing the work

Front 55

Resistence

Back 55

how hard it is for charges to move; impedence or hinderance to current flow

Front 56

Ohm's Law

Back 56

Voltage = current x resistence

V = I x R

Front 57

Ions move because:

Back 57

-opposites attract/likes repel (electrical gradient)
-concentration gradient

Front 58

Resting membrane potential

Back 58

-all cells have
-inside of cell is more negative than outside of cell
-different cells have different amounts

Front 59

Electrical gradient

Back 59

wants Na+ and K+ into cell

Front 60

Concentration gradient:

Back 60

wants Na+ into cell and K+ out of cell