Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

Sagittal Plane

Back 1

Divides the body into left and right halves

Front 2

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Back 2

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Front 3

Transverse Plane

Back 3

Divides the body into caudal and cranial portions

Front 4

Notochord

Back 4

cartilaginous rod of living cells that runs the long axis of the body

Front 5

Lateral neural cartilage

Back 5

lampreys, prevent notochord movement from left to right

Front 6

Centrum

Back 6

surrounds notochord

Front 7

Pharynx

Back 7

produces gills

Front 8

Neurulation

Back 8

formation of the neural tube

Front 9

Pericardial cavity

Back 9

houses the heart

Front 10

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

Back 10

houses the rest of the visceral organs

Front 11

Transverse septum

Back 11

separates pericardial cavity from pluroperitoneal cavity

Front 12

Homoplasy

Back 12

similar structures in different species that aren't homologous

Front 13

Ontogeny

Back 13

growth/ development

Front 14

Echinoderms

Back 14

starfish

Front 15

Gnathostome

Back 15

jawed vertebrates

Front 16

Agnathans

Back 16

hagfish

Front 17

Ungulates

Back 17

mammals with hooves

Front 18

4 classes of tissue

Back 18

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Front 19

Extracellular matrix

Back 19

acellular matter in tissue

Front 20

Epithelial tissue

Back 20

covers all of the body and inner and outer cavities

Front 21

Desmosomes

Back 21

tight intracellular junctions

Front 22

Gap junction

Back 22

ion channels; allows communication between cells

Front 23

Basement membrane

Back 23

separates epithelium from underlying tissue

Front 24

Simple Squamous cells

Back 24

flattened, scale-like cells

Front 25

Simple Cuboidal cells

Back 25

cube shaped cells

Front 26

Simple Columnar cells

Back 26

column shaped; taller than wide

Front 27

Pseudostratified columnar cells

Back 27

single layer of columnar shaped cells with varying height often found in the upper respiratory tract

Front 28

Stratified squamous cells

Back 28

found in areas of the body that endure more wear and tear than others

Front 29

Two types of stratified squamous cells

Back 29

keratinized, non-keratinized

Front 30

Transitional cells

Back 30

stratified epithelium of variably shaped cells

Front 31

Exocrine gland

Back 31

secretes product into ducts

Front 32

Endocrine gland

Back 32

secretes products into bloodstream

Front 33

4 classes of connective tissue

Back 33

proper, blood, bone, cartilage

Front 34

All connective tissue arises from

Back 34

mesenchymal cells

Front 35

2 classes of connective tissue proper

Back 35

Loose, Dense

Front 36

3 types of loose connective tissue

Back 36

Aereolar, reticular, adipose

Front 37

3 types of dense connective tissue

Back 37

irregular, regular, elastic

Front 38

Aereolar connective tissue

Back 38

underlies most of body epithelia; surrounds small nerves and vessels

Front 39

The EM of aereolar connective tissue is composed of

Back 39

collagen, reticular, elastic fibers

Front 40

Reticular connective tissue

Back 40

only has reticular fibers

Front 41

Adipose tissue

Back 41

stores nutrients, insulates body, protects from trauma

Front 42

Dense connective tissue contains more of this compound

Back 42

fiber

Front 43

Dense irregular tissue

Back 43

found in dermis; primarily collagen running in random patterns

Front 44

Dense regular tissue

Back 44

collagen running in repetitious patterns; collagen bundles run parallel to one another; found in ligaments and tendons

Front 45

Elastic connective tissue

Back 45

uses just elastic fibers; found in areas that need flexibility

Front 46

Chondrocyte

Back 46

Mature cartilage cell

Front 47

3 types of cartilage

Back 47

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 48

Osteocyte

Back 48

mature bone-secreting cell

Front 49

Osteoclast

Back 49

bone remodeling cell

Front 50

Osteoblast

Back 50

immature bone cell

Front 51

Chondroblast

Back 51

Immature cartilage cell

Front 52

Plasma

Back 52

the EM of blood

Front 53

Lacunae

Back 53

Chondrocytes and Osteocytes reside in these

Front 54

3 types of muscle

Back 54

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 55

Skeletal muscle

Back 55

striated, multinucleated, voluntary

Front 56

Smooth muscle

Back 56

nonstriated, 1 nuclei, involuntary

Front 57

Cardiac muscle

Back 57

striated, 1-2 nuclei, involuntary and branching

Front 58

All epithelium has underlying _____ ______ _______

Back 58

loose connective tissue

Front 59

Keratin

Back 59

secreted in order to prevent dehydration; the affected cells die

Front 60

Conjunctiva

Back 60

skin covering the eye

Front 61

Another word for keratinized

Back 61

cornified

Front 62

Goblet cell/gland

Back 62

unicellular, secretes mucous

Front 63

Granular cell/gland

Back 63

secretes mucous, pheromones, and alkaloids (fish and amphibians)

Front 64

Photophore

Back 64

light emitting cells of deep sea fish

Front 65

Alveoli

Back 65

cup-shaped sacs

Front 66

3 different modes of secretion by glands

Back 66

merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

Front 67

Merocrine glands

Back 67

secretes products to cell membrane

Front 68

Apocrine glands

Back 68

cell pinches off its product

Front 69

Holocrine glands

Back 69

secrete themselves

Front 70

Femoral gland

Back 70

(in lizards) secretes a substance that hardens and forms spines that restrain females during copulation

Front 71

Uropygial gland

Back 71

(in birds) secretes a water repellant that is smoothed over feathers

Front 72

Epidermis

Back 72

multilayered portion of the integument derived from the ectoderm

Front 73

Dermis

Back 73

portion of the integument derived from the mesoderm; has the ability to make bone

Front 74

Integument

Back 74

skin

Front 75

Hypodermis

Back 75

least superficial layer of the integumentary system

Front 76

Melanophores

Back 76

melanin pigment cells

Front 77

Parotoid gland

Back 77

granular gland found behind the eyes of many toads that secretes bufotoxin (an alkaloid and neurotoxin)

Front 78

Uropygial gland

Back 78

(in birds) secretes a water repellant (oil) that is smoothed over feathers

Front 79

Mammary glands are modified ________ glands

Back 79

sudoriferous

Front 80

Ceruminous gland

Back 80

secretes cerum in the ear

Front 81

Milk lines

Back 81

elevated ribbons of ectoderm that give rise to mammary glands

Front 82

Epidermal scales

Back 82

repetitious thickenings of the stratum corneum found only in amniotes

Front 83

Stratum corneum

Back 83

outermost layer of the epidermis that is made up of keratinized squamous epithelial cells

Front 84

Scutes

Back 84

large, thin, quadrilateral or polygonal scales; found on the belly of snakes

Front 85

Clalmus/Quill

Back 85

base of the shaft of a contour feather

Front 86

Inferior umbilicus

Back 86

opening for vessels in a feather

Front 87

"Double feather"

Back 87

afterfeathers that are the same length as main feathers

Front 88

Arrector plumarum

Back 88

the muscle that is responsible for erecting feathers

Front 89

Pterylae

Back 89

symmetrical tracts of feathers

Front 90

Superior umbilicus

Back 90

portion of a contour feather that gives rise to afterfeathers

Front 91

Down feathers

Back 91

small, fluffy feathers lying underneath and between contour feathers

Front 92

Sebaceous gland

Back 92

secretes oil, alveolar

Front 93

Sudoriferous gland

Back 93

secretes sweat, tubular, mammals

Front 94

Meibomian gland

Back 94

keeps eye moist

Front 95

Chalazion

Back 95

inflamed hair duct

Front 96

Unguis

Back 96

hard top of nail

Front 97

Subunguis

Back 97

soft bottom of nail

Front 98

Cuneus

Back 98

cornified pad, ungulates,softer than subunguis

Front 99

Dermal papilla

Back 99

grows from the epidermis to the dermis, vascularizes hair follicles

Front 100

Vibrissae

Back 100

whiskers

Front 101

3 types of horns

Back 101

Bovine, Pronged, Hair

Front 102

Bovine horns

Back 102

outer layer is cornified, inner is dermal bone

Front 103

Hair horns

Back 103

only found in Rhinos

Front 104

Pronged horns

Back 104

similar to bovine horns, but outer layer is continuously shed

Front 105

Antlers

Back 105

false horns, frontal bone covered in velvet

Front 106

Baleen

Back 106

cornified epithelia of whales that are used to filter plankton

Front 107

Ischial callosities

Back 107

thick pads on monkeys' appendages

Front 108

Tori

Back 108

epidermal pads, used for walking found in dogs and cats

Front 109

Apical pads

Back 109

tori found on distal digits

Front 110

Corns/Callouses

Back 110

caused by friction, thickenings of the stratum corneum

Front 111

The most superficial layer of the dermis (not the epidermis!)

Back 111

Papillary layer

Front 112

What type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

Back 112

aereolar tissue

Front 113

What is the deepest layer of the dermis?

Back 113

reticular layer

Front 114

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what type of tissue?

Back 114

Dense connective tissue

Front 115

Dermal bone is found in every living vertebrate with the exception of

Back 115

birds

Front 116

4 layers of early dermal armor:

Back 116

lamellar, spongy, dentin, enamel

Front 117

Hair scales can be found in

Back 117

Pangolins

Front 118

4 types of bone:

Back 118

long, flat, short, irregular

Front 119

Sesamoid bones

Back 119

short bones that are not in direct contact with other bones

Front 120

Scleoblasts give rise to what four types of mineralized tissue?

Back 120

Spongy, Lamellar, Acellular, Metaplasic

Front 121

Spongy bone

Back 121

has trabeculae and intertrabecular spaces that contain red marrow

Front 122

Compact bone

Back 122

contains haversian canals

Front 123

Metaplasic bone

Back 123

bone that responds to hormones

Front 124

Acellular bone

Back 124

bone that lacks canaliculi and lacunae and osteocytes

Front 125

4 types of cartilage

Back 125

elastic, mineralized, hyaline, fibrocartilage

Front 126

Fibrocartilage

Back 126

structural intermediate between fibrous connective tissue and bone/cartilage

Front 127

Mineralized/Calcified cartilage

Back 127

only found in the jaws of shark and rays to increase strength

Front 128

Hyaline cartilage

Back 128

'clear' cartilage

Front 129

Appositional growth

Back 129

cartilage grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral surface by newly differentiated chondroblasts

Front 130

Interstitial growth

Back 130

cartilage grows in thickness due to the conversion of chondrocytes to chondroblasts which secrete fibrous matrix from lacunae

Front 131

Enameloid (not enamel!) is really what other stucture?

Back 131

dentin

Front 132

Odontoblasts

Back 132

produce dentin

Front 133

Ameloblasts

Back 133

produce enamel

Front 134

Intramembranous ossification

Back 134

Differentiation of mesenchymal cells in the periosteum into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts which secrete bone matrix

Front 135

Endochondral ossification

Back 135

Hyaline cartilage model → perichondrial mesenchymal cells → osteoblasts→ bony collar→ chondroblasts die and secrete calcified matrix

Front 136

Perichondrium is found in all types of cartilage with the exception of

Back 136

fibrocartilage

Front 137

The patellar tendon is a

Back 137

ligament

Front 138

Ligaments are derived from the

Back 138

periosteum

Front 139

Denticle

Back 139

spiny elevation of dentin

Front 140

Rhomboid scales

Back 140

4 layered dermal scale that evolved to ganoid and cosmoid scales

Front 141

Ganoid scales

Back 141

evolved to elasmoid scales, composed of specialized enamel

Front 142

Elasmoid scales

Back 142

thin lamellar bone that may be associated with a fibrous plate, found in bony fish

Front 143

Cycloid scales

Back 143

free border elasmoid scales

Front 144

Ctenoid scales

Back 144

hair border elasmoid scales

Front 145

Placoid

Back 145

scales with a spine of enameloid rising from the basal plate

Front 146

Osteoderm

Back 146

bone in the dermal layer

Front 147

Chromatophores

Back 147

contain pigment granules

Front 148

Melanophores

Back 148

brown pigment chromatophores

Front 149

Melanosomes

Back 149

house melanophores

Front 150

Xanthophores

Back 150

yellow granules

Front 151

Erythrophores

Back 151

red granules

Front 152

Lipophores

Back 152

erythrophores and xanthophores

Front 153

Iridophores

Back 153

contain guanine which cause them to look iridescent

Front 154

Melanocytes

Back 154

pigment cells that arent confined to the skin

Front 155

3 layers of the mammalian epidermis

Back 155

Stratum corneum, granulosum, germinativum

Front 156

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Back 156

turns collagen into bone, calcium and phosphate ions

Front 157

Cementing substance

Back 157

hold the crystals in the matrix, water and mucosugars

Front 158

Fibroblast

Back 158

forms collagen

Front 159

Dentinal tubules

Back 159

canaliculi-like processes in dentin

Front 160

Membrane bone

Back 160

bone formed from intramembranous ossification

Front 161

Replacement bone

Back 161

bone formed by endochondral ossification

Front 162

Perichondrium

Back 162

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surround hyaline cartilage

Front 163

Panniculus Adiposus

Back 163

is composed primarily of adipose and lacks muscle fibers, typical epidermis in humans

Front 164

Panniculus Carnosus

Back 164

has some adipose but has more muscle fibers

Front 165

Cutaneous maximus

Back 165

muscle of the hypodermis