Chapter 12 Part 1

Front 1

Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies outside the brain or

Back 1

Spinal cord

Front 2

Ependymal cells secrete and circulate

Back 2

CSF

Front 3

White matter is myelinated

Back 3

Axons

Front 4

Grey matter is neuronal cell

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Bodies

Front 5

Cell bodies are also called

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Soma

Front 6

All thinking takes places in the grey matter of the

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Cerebrum

Front 7

White matter does not involve

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Thinking

Front 8

White matter only sends and receives

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signals

Front 9

All the information that the nervous system receives from the outside world and what’s going on in your body is called

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Sensation

Front 10

Receptor cells detect stimulus and send it to the brain or spinal cords on

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Afferent neurons

Front 11

The brain evaluates information from the afferent neurons is called

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Intergration

Front 12

The brain evaluates information from the afferent neurons is called

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Intergration

Front 13

Any conscious experience anything with think about takes place in the brain portion of the

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Central nervous system

Front 14

Integration happens after we process information in the

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Brain

Front 15

When the nervous system sends nerves out to organs or glands of the body

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Motor output

Front 16

Motor output carries information out on

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efferent neurons

Front 17

They process in formation from afferent neurons and send information to efferent neurons

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Interneurons

Front 18

Efferent neurons carry information to an effector which is a

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organ or gland

Front 19

An effector is a structure or organ that changes its activity in some way when it is signaled by

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Efferent neuron

Front 20

Dendrites are the short processes coming off neurons they receive

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Information

Front 21

Axons send

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Information

Front 22

Inside a nerve are groups of

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axons

Front 23

Small cells that surround the neurons are referred to as

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glial cells

Front 24

Glial cells exist to support the

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Neuron

Front 25

Neuroglia are much smaller than neurons and are 50 times as Numerous as

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Neorons

Front 26

The afferent and efferent spinal nerves are found in the

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Spinal cord

Front 27

What excites neurons

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neurotransmitter

Front 28

What spreads across a cell when a neuron gets excited

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electrical charge

Front 29

In neurons, action potentials go down

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axons

Front 30

the purpose of the action potential is get the neuron to release

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neurotransmitter

Front 31

How does a neurotransmitter get across the synaptic cleft

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difussion

Front 32

the axon releases neurotranssimetter it travels acroos the synaptic cleft and lands on another neuron and attaches to a

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ION channel

Front 33

Tracts are a collection of

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Axons

Front 34

Axons that do similar things are grouped together in a

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tract

Front 35

PNS is everything outside the

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Brain and spinal cord

Front 36

Nerves are the same things as tracts, which are a group of similar functioning axons found inside the brain and spinal cord, except we find nerves outside the Brain and spinal cord in the

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PNS

Front 37

Nerves that exit the spinal cord from intervertebral foramen between the vertebra are called

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spinal nerves

Front 38

nerves the come out of the brain through the foramen in the skull are called

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Cranial nerves

Front 39

ganglia are clusters of cell bodies in the

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PNS

Front 40

Dorsal and ventral roots are axons going in and out of the vertebral column

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vertebral column

Front 41

Nerve roots are what will become nerves when they exit the vertebral column or

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sacrum

Front 42

Sensory receptors are cells that detect stimulus in the

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PNS

Front 43

Sensory information we are consciously aware of or have conscious control over is the part of the

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Somatic nervous system

Front 44

The five senses are all part of the

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Somatic nervous system

Front 45

We can consciously move an arm and breath cause they involve muscle contraction, which is a part of the somatic nervous system and is controlled by the

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Somatic motor neurons

Front 46

Sensory information we are not consciously aware of is part of the

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Autonomic nervous system

Front 47

Information that comes from inside our bodies is monitored by the

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Autonomic nervous system

Front 48

expanding contracting of smooth muscle, beating of cardiac muscle and glandular activity are all a part of the and monitored by the.

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Autonomic nervous system

Front 49

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and the

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parasympathetic

Front 50

Sympathetic is the

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fight or flight

Front 51

the parasympathetic is

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resting

Front 52

Autonomic nervous system effectors are controlled by the

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Autonomic motor neurons

Front 53

Muscle cells exhibit 5 distinct

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characteristics

Front 54

Excitability is a characteristic of a neuron that is triggered by

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neurotransmitters and sensory receptors

Front 55

Conductivity is a characteristic of a neuron that is triggered by graded action potential. It is the ability to

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conduct electricity

Front 56

Secretion is a characteristic of a neuron that is triggered by Excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitter it is used to get the cell to secrete

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neurotransmitter

Front 57

Extreme longevity characteristic of a neuron because the are with us from

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fetus to old age

Front 58

Amitotic is a characteristic of a neuron that because most neurons lack the ability to

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under go mitosis

Front 59

A neuron is the structural and functional part of the

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nervous system

Front 60

functionally the neurons do the work of the

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nervous system

Front 61

Structurally, the nervous system is

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neurons

Front 62

What the brain,, spinal cord and nerves do are based on what is happening with the

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neurons

Front 63

Neurons have a cell body that contain

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organelles

Front 64

in the cytoplasm of a neuron cell body there are ribosomes that form clusters called

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chromatophilic substances

Front 65

A chromatophilic substance is chunks of Rough ER with ribosomes all over it referred to as

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Nissl bodies

Front 66

another name for chromatophilic substance is

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nissl bodies

Front 67

structures that branch off the cell bodies are

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dendrites

Front 68

the purpose of the dendrites is to receive information in the form of

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neurotransmitter

Front 69

when a neurotransmitter lands on a neuron it is landing on the

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dendrites

Front 70

Ligand-gated ION channels are found on the

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dendrites

Front 71

the axon hillock is not part of the axon, it is part of the

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cell body

Front 72

the large process that comes off the cell body, in the brain and spinal cord, we call a grouping of them tracts

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Axon

Front 73

The cell membrane on the outside of the axon is called the

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Axolemma

Front 74

cytoplasm in the axon is called the

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axoplasm

Front 75

Bundles of intermediary filaments found in the axon that give the axon tensile strength.

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neurofibrils

Front 76

the purpose of Neurofibrils is to give axons tensile strength

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Neurofibrils

Front 77

another name for telodendria is:

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Axon terminals

Front 78

telodendria are found at the ends of the

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axons

Front 79

An axon can branch and send a piece of itself to multiple cells the branch is called an

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axon collateral

Front 80

axon collaterals can branch and stimulate

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multiple cells

Front 81

the tip of the axon terminal is the

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synaptic knoob

Front 82

anything the axon needs has to be transported from the cell body to the axon that type of transport is referred to as

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anterograde transport

Front 83

movement of materials from cell body to synaptic end bulbs

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anterograde transport

Front 84

cell body is the site of protein synthesis (Nissl body). Neurotransmitters & repair protein that reside in the cell body and need to be shipped through the axon to the axon terminal and into the synaptic end bulb by

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anterograde transport

Front 85

from synaptic end bulbs to cell body

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Retrograde transport

Front 86

Axonal transport system moves substances produced in

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cell body

Front 87

Slow axonal flow moves at the speed of

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1-3mm/day

Front 88

Slow axonal flow are used For developing or regenerating

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axons

Front 89

Slow axonal flow replenishes

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axoplasm

Front 90

Fast axonal flow moves at a speed of

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200-400mm/day

Front 91

Fast axonal flow Transport transports proteins and organelles in either direction along

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microtubules

Front 92

regenerating axons, growing the axons, maturing the axons are a function of?

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slow axonal transports

Front 93

microtubules inside the axons work with motor proteins that use ATP to push things along the microtubules a lot

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faster

Front 94

any organells that need to be shipped back and fourth between the cell body (neuron) and the synaptic end bulb will use

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fast axonal transport

Front 95

all the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are called

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multipolar

Front 96

A bipolar neuron has two poles one side dendrites the other has the axon

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bibpolar

Front 97

Found in the retina, the inner ear and olfactory area of the

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brain

Front 98

Located next to the vertebral column in ganglia

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unipolar

Front 99

clusters of cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord

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ganglia

Front 100

ganglia are sensory neuron cell bodies that are

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unipolar

Front 101

Dendrites in the PNS fuse into a single dendrite that turns into an axon. Only the axon attaches to a cell body made it is

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unipolar

Front 102

what type of neuron is involved in sensation

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unipolar

Front 103

Purkinje cells are found in the

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cerebellum

Front 104

the exterior of the cerebrum is the

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cerebral cortex

Front 105

Sensory (afferent) neurons sense information and send it to the

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CNS

Front 106

Motor (efferent) neurons motor nerve impulses to

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muscles or glands

Front 107

interneourons (association) neurons connect sensory and

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motor neurons

Front 108

A nerve is a collection of

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neurons

Front 109

a collection of axons is a

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fascicle

Front 110

The outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue that wraps the nerve is called?

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epineurium

Front 111

the layer of dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle is called?

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perinerium

Front 112

the layer of areolar connective tissue that wraps each individual axon

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endonerium

Front 113

you can classify a nerve based on where they

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exit

Front 114

If a nerve exits the skull it is a

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cranial nerve

Front 115

If a nerve exits the vertebral colomn, it is a

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spinal nerve

Front 116

A nerve that carries sensory information in and motor information out is a

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mixed nerve

Front 117

cranial nerves can be

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sensory, motor or mixed

Front 118

all spinal nerves are

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mixed

Front 119

Cells that support the neuron

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neuroglia

Front 120

smaller than neurons

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neuroglia

Front 121

neuroglia can undergo mitosis that makes them

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miotic

Front 122

Because of its miotic ability,Neuroglia can turn into a cancer called

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glioma

Front 123

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia & ependymal cells are neuroglia cells found in the

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CNS

Front 124

Schwann cells and satellite cells are neuroglia cells found in the

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PNS

Front 125

Astrocytes are star-shaped cells physically smaller than a

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neuron

Front 126

physically support nervous tissue

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astrocytes

Front 127

Guide development of young neurons

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astrocytes

Front 128

help in the formation of synapses and learning

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astrocytes

Front 129

every time you learn something new, you either strengthen or weaken a

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Synapse

Front 130

where two cells come together a

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Synapse

Front 131

Astrocytes help in the growing of new dendrites and axon collaterals to learn something

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new

Front 132

these will grow when a person is learning something a new

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dendrites and axons

Front 133

chemically protects the brain and spinal cord

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astrocytes

Front 134

help in removing neurotransmitter

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astrocytes

Front 135

branched cells that form myelin sheaths around CNS axons

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oligodendrocytes

Front 136

can mylinate multiple axons

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oligodendrocytes

Front 137

Form epithelial mb lining cerebral cavity & central canal

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Ependymal cell

Front 138

Produce CSF

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Ependymal cell

Front 139

Cilia AND microvilli on apicalsurface facing lumen ofcentral canal

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Ependymal cell

Front 140

phagocytic Monitors health of neurons (remove dead) Monocyte derivative

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Microglial cel

Front 141

Schwann cells & Satellite cells are found in the

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PNS

Front 142

Surround single axon of PNS (myelin sheath)

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Schwann cells

Front 143

May also enclose many unmyelinated axons

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Schwann cells

Front 144

Flat cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

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Satellite cells

Front 145

electrically insulates PNS cell bodies

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Satellite cells

Front 146

Regulates nutrient and cell bodies in ganglia

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Satellite cells

Front 147

myelinates and insulates PNS in axons

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Satellite cells

Front 148

Allows for faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS

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Satellite cells

Front 149

PNS mylination:

What step is this?

Schwann cell envelops an axon

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Step 1

Front 150

PNS mylination:

What step is this?

Schwann cell encloses an axon w/ plasma membrane

Back 150

Step 2

Front 151

PNS mylination:

What step is this?

Concentric layers of mb make up myelin sheath

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Step 3

Front 152

PNS mylination:

What step is this?

Schwann cell cytoplasm & nucleus forms the outermost layer called neurolemma

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Step 4

Front 153

creates a regeneration tube that allows your peripheral axons to grow back through it.

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neurolemma

Front 154

If an axon is to damage in the PNS, will it be able to regenerate?

Back 154

No

Front 155

If an axon is unmylinated in the PNS it only gets the it is missing the mylen sheath but still has the

Back 155

neurolemma

Front 156

PNS Unmylinated:

What step is this

Axons are wrapped in neurilemma by Schwann cell

Back 156

Step 1

Front 157

PNS Unmylinated:

What step is this

axons are enveloped by the neurolemmocytes but there are no myelin sheaths

Back 157

Step 2

Front 158

Which neuroglia cells are found in the brain and spinal cord can mylinate multiple axons but don't have a neurolemma and no regeneration.

Back 158

oligodendrcytes

Front 159

which neuroglia cells can only mylinate one axon, the outer most layer is the neurolemma and can regenerate.

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Schwann cells

Front 160

regeneration occurs only in peripheral axons that are surrounded by

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neurolemma

Front 161

In the brain what color is myelinated axons

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White matter

Front 162

What color is unmyelinated axons, cell bodies neuroglia

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Gray matter

Front 163

Location in:

Brain-gray matter covers surface & clustered in “nuclei” inside

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CNS

Front 164

Location in:

Spinal cord-gray matter forms H-shaped core surrounded by

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white matter