Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cell division
|
Important in growth and repair of tissues in multicellular organisms, and reproduction of all organisms.
|
|
|
Four Events that must occur of cell division.
|
-A reproductive signal initiates cell division -Replication of DNA -Segregation -Cytokinesis |
|
|
Segregation
|
Distribution of DNA into two new cells.
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Separation of cellular material into the two new cells.
|
|
|
Binary fission
|
- Kind of asexual reproduction. -After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells. |
|
|
Mitosis
|
nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
|
|
|
Meosis
|
-type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores -Two nuclear divisions, but DNA is replicated once. |
|
|
Meiosis and mitosis compared
|
Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has one of each. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other. Meiosis: Sexual. Mitosis: Asexual
|
|
|
Cell Cycle
|
Period from one cell division to the next. Divided into Mitosis/Cytokinesis and interphase.
|
|
|
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk's)
|
-family of protein kinases regulating transcription, mRNA processing, -Cell cycle checkpoint. Regulate process |
|
|
Protein kinases
|
Catalyze transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein. (Phosphorylation).
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
Complexed DNA molecules binded with protiens (histones).
|
|
|
Cohesins
|
Proteins that hold together sister chromatids during the G2.
|
|
|
Chromosomes
|
-Found in the nucleus of most living cells. -carries genetic information in the form of genes. -Dna and protiens |
|
|
Spindles
|
Fibers that attach chromosomes.
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Division of cytoplasm.
|
|
|
Synapsis
|
fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
|
|
|
Cell plate
|
Beginning of the new cell wall.
|
|
|
Somatic cells
|
Body cells not specialized for reproduction. -Each contains homologous pairs of chromosomes with corresponding genes. |
|
|
Homolog
|
chromosome that contains genes
|
|
|
DNA replication
|
Is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
|
|
|
S-phase
|
Synthesis phase. Part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated |
|
|
Crossing over
|
Exchange of genetic material occurs between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
|
|
|
Chiasmata
|
a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.
|
|
|
Independent assortment
|
allows for for chance combos
|
|
|
Meisosis II
|
Not proceded by DNA replicaion ssister chromatids are separated. Further genetic diversot -Finals products 4 Haploid daughter cells (n) produced during soermatogenis in males and oogenesis in females. |
|
|
Nondisjunction
|
homologous pairs fail to serperate at anaphase I or sister chromatids in meiosis I.
|
|
|
Aneuploidy
|
chromosomes are lacking or present in excess.
|
|
|
Down Syndrome
|
Gamete with two copies of chromosome 21.
|
|
|
Cytogentica
|
branch of medicine that uses karyotypes to diagnose abnormalties.
|
|
|
Necrosis
|
cell death where cell is damaged or straved of oxygen or nutrients.
|
|
|
Apoptosis
|
genetically programmed death
|
|
|
Law of independent assortment
|
when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.
|
|
|
Law of segregation
|
during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
|
|
|
Telomerase
|
enzyme thst keeps DNA inact
|
|
|
Nucleoide
|
Polymer of DNA Consists of : -Deoxyribose -Phosphate group -Nitrogen-containing base |
|
|
Nitrogen containg bases:
|
Adenine.Guanine Cytosine Thymine.
|
|
|
DnA Polymerase
|
enzyme. requires primer. rNA
|
|
|
DNA helicase
|
requires energy drom AtP hydrolysis to unwind DnA
|
