Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Th1 cells prompt what type of immune reaction
|
cell-mediated, cytotoxic CD8
|
|
|
Th2 cells prompt what type of immune reaction
|
Ab, B cell reaction
|
|
|
Most important first response cytokine from a cell following viral infection
|
type 1 IFN, induces antiviral state, surrounding cells become less succeptible
|
|
|
briefly outline shift and drift
|
shift: reassortment of genome, eg RNA encoding N and H in influenza A, lage changes quickly
Drift: gradual mutation of, for example N&H in influenza A, by mutation during replication |
|
|
Influenza A infection, what cells and what cytokines are provoked
|
viral H binds respiratory epithelia, replicates and spreads to alveolar macrophages
TNFa and IL1 and neutrophil/macrophage chemoattractants produced |
|
|
EBV infects which cells, which receptor
|
orthophryngeal epithelial cells and B cells, CD21
|
|
|
EBV immune evasion techniques in latency
|
only expresses 2 genes (fewer antigens), produces EBNA1 (epstine barr nuclear antigen) inhibiting immunoproteosome processing
|
|
|
example of cytopathic and non-cytopathic virus
|
EBV and Influenza A
|
|
|
EBV malignancy
|
Burkitts lymphoma, esp when malaria suppresses T cell control of EBV, transformed B cells grow
|
|
|
which Ig is particularly potent against bacteria and protazoa
|
IgM, pentameric, agglutination leading to macrophage phagocytosis
|
|
|
complement is particularly virulant againt which bacteria
|
gram negative
|
|
|
isotype shift to IgA is promoted by T cell release of which cyotkine
|
TGFb
|
|
|
intestinal pathogens can be prevented from binding by which Ig
|
A
|
|
|
TB is best combatted by what type of response and why
|
infects macrophages, Th1, IFNg from Th1 cells induces macrophage iNOS to produce NO
|
|
|
which MHC allele is associate with TB progression
|
MHC II HLA-DR2
|
|
|
septic shock symptoms
|
high and prolonged fever, diffuseintravascular coagulation, hypotension, circulatory collapse, haemorrhagic necrosis
|
|
|
septic shock iduced by which inflammatory cytokines
|
IL1 IL6 and TNFa
|
|
|
parasite infection causes what immune reaction
|
Th2, IgE binds to Fce eosinophil receptors, IFNg from T cells to activate macrophages
|
|
|
weaknesses of inactivated vaccine and example
|
only Ab response illicited, boosters usually required. Eg influenza A
|
|
|
example of attenuated vaccine and weaknesses/strengths
|
reversion to virulence, longer lasting immunity, boosters not normally required. Eg measles.
|
|
|
3 alternative vaccine types (not inactivated or attenuated)
|
purified subunit (usually with adjuvant) usually immuno-dominant antigen- Hib
toxoid- inactivated toxin- tetanus Recombinant: antigen on a non-replicating vector, possible for multiple pathogen anigens - HPV |
|
|
7 methods of pathogen counteracting immune response
|
1 immunosuppression
a substances that degrade immune effectors b infection of immune cells 2 immune avoidance a antigenic variation b antigen masking c shedding surface antigens d intracellular replication e latency |
|
|
example of pathogen immune suppression by breakdown of immune products
|
staph and strep protein A and G block Fc of Ab's
|
|
|
example of immune avoidance by infection of immune cells
|
HIV infection and destruction of CD4 T cells
|
|
|
example of antigenic variation for immune avoidance
|
Influenza drift and shift
|
|
|
example of antigen masking for immune avoidance
|
Schistosoma mansoni coats itself with host MHC antigens to pass as 'self'
|
|
|
example of shedding surface antigens to avoid immune reaction
|
plasmodium
|
|
|
example of intracellular replication for immune avoidance
|
viruses, also plasmodium falciparum malaria in RBC's
|
|
|
example of latency for immune avoidance
|
HIV incorporates into T cell genome and may remain dormant for years
|
