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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What Helps us remember? What help us Forget? |
-education and what is taught in terms of power and who had power - repeated exposure- some kind of marker to remind you of something - stories that are being passed down fro family and grandparents - ah-ha moments in your life something changes your opinion -we tend to use some kind of marker to remember and tricks to help us forget |
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Historical monuments all over the world |
- even if you've never been there you recognize that it must mean something even if you don't know what it means |
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Shelley Niro- for Fearless and Other Indians - poem about residential schooling |
- re-claiming the identity and moving forward from a period of time that was quite traumatic - something like that you don't need reminders it's always with you - res schooling- we know what happened lets move forward- something we don't need to constantly remember |
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The "Beginning" of Race and Ethnic Relations in Canada Race and ethnic relations prior to colonization? |
- The creation of what is NOW canada,that's why we start from colonization point - if that had not happened then would this become canada to day - important to know there is history WELL before this point in time |
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Colonization vs. Colonialism 1. Colonization |
- The process by which one sets up a "colony" of inhabitants in a new land that is still connected to the homeland
-this is the act/process - act of setting up a colony outside what is the traditional motherland - you are setting up a colony of your people elsewhere |
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2. Colonialism |
- exogenous domination - "colonizers move to a new setting AND establish their ascendancy" - this is the belief/ mindset - the power dynamics- the mindset that occurs with colonization - if you are setting up a colony with the intent to dominate you are referring to colonialism - colonization happens, colonialism continues to happen ACT vs. MINDSET |
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Colonialism vs. Settler Colonialism a. Colonialism |
p2- in the case of colonial systems, a determination to exploit sustains a drive to sustain the permanent subordination of the colonized -TYPICALLY when you go and set up a colony you maintain it by continuing to utilize the indigenous people of that land in subordinate ways0 you make them slaves/ workers- you are constantly reinforcing that you are in charge and they are not |
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b. Settler colonialism |
p3- the successful settler colonies 'tame' a variety of wildernesses, end up establishing independent nations, effectively repress, coo-opt and extinguish indigenous alterities, and productively manage ethnic diversity - you come in set up the colony and then exert your power by trying to erase the indigenous people. by either eliminating them through genocide or make them think that they want to be a part of you - take on your cultural values and beliefs- wipe our the divide by making them become like you |
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Crucial difference between colonialism and settler colonialism |
Colonialism REINFORCES the distinction between the colony and metropole, settler colonialism ERASES it - colon reinforcces differences while settler goes to extent of trying to erase it -Settler: great way togged rid of power struggle |
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Other terms 1. Decolonization |
- the process by which a territory is able to establish its independence from "parent" nation - the creation of nation- states (which can occur through armed conflict) -process by which you are trying to erase the colonization process- extension of the motherland you are trying to remove that- no longer are or have that power anymore |
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2. Post Colonialism |
- the study of nations, identities, culture following decolonization - emphasis on the impact of colonialism on the formerly colonized territory - the study of what happens after deco, the impact of it - the move of decolonization is often not a smooth one- often leave a mess. how do you go about fixing your nation state, you have now created a new nation state |
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Why might one argue that decolonization doesn't fit well with settler colonialism |
- if a colony forgets they were a colony and they cut themselves off -according to these scholars, canada has NOT de-colonized |
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Paternalism |
- when colonizing countries sought o "civilize" the indigenous populations under the belief that they knew "best" -parent to child dynamic -the settlers/ colonizers who have come to this land take particular views towards indigenous - they want to show them the way of life- how to behave, dress,act |
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History of "Canada" |
- Believed that aboriginal people have lived in canada for over 10,000 years - european arrived in 16th century- for settlement - British took political control in 1763 - dominion of canada created in 1867 -1949- newfoundland last province to join dominion -1982: dominion day is renamed to canada day |
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What does this history show us about colonization and decolonization in Canada |
Other dates: -1947: Canadians got Canadian citizenship no longer known as British subjects 1965: when we got the Canadian flag 1999- "and that i will uphold by duty as a Canadian citizen and obey the laws of Canada"- before they had to just swear an oath to queen alone |
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The indigenous people of Canada were not Conquered.... Right? |
- Iroquois War: Five Nations vs. New France from 1609 until 1701 - Mi'kmaq war: fought the british from 1613 until 1761- english Indian war of 1722-1724 - hostile relations that led to significant losses--> especially as the population of european settlers increased - from the beginning there was conflict |
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Treaties |
- Dickason and McNab p244 - in the context of Indian- Euro- Canadian relations, a treaty has been defined as a compact or set of fundamental principles that formed the basis for future negotiations bw Indians and Non-Indians - in the gov't view that treaties granted privileges to be enjoyed at the pleasure of the crown, Indigenous views they as safeguarded rights |
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Treaties Cont'd |
- Canada tried to mitigate it- they were an understanding of what your role and your privilege is and what our role and our privilege it - from the beginning there was confusion about what a treaty was supposed to be- is it about my rights or what i have privilege too? - Right something you should always have, privilege something extra- that can be stripped and taken away from you - |
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Treaties 1763 Royal Proclamation |
- War of Independence in the USA made this for the mast part null and void for Indigenous Peoples in the states after 1776 -11 treaties were agreed to between 1871-1930 " the numbered treaties -- to allow for increasing population of settlers in Canada -- Treaties included provisions for land, education and medicine |
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TREATIES MORE |
- When the treaties were signed in North America, there was a divide between Canada and the US - people in Canada were continued to have their understanding because the British were in rule -when people in north american agreed, it was prior to the two nations being split - in CAN we have 11 numbered treaties |
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Right now.. |
- we are in TREATY 6 land- depending on where you go it will change - the expectation is that wherever you go, we know hat we are agreeing to - Reserves- first nations communities- when it started it was about protecting the land- what used to be indigenous territory within that territory there's only so many reserves |
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The Indian Act |
- First passed in 1876 to govern matters that pertained to the status of "Indians" and the regulations of bands/reserves - built upon former pieces of legislation: - the Gradual Civilization Act-1857 - the Gradual enfranchisement act-1869 - has been modified over time, but much of it still remains |
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Indian Act cont'd |
- Indian act introduced status- they wanted to legislate exactly what rights and privileges these individuals have - lets try to differentiate between all people are are indigenous - meant to try and control the amount of self governance that the ind people had- you can govern yourself to an extent IF You stay on your reserve. - then you can basically do stuff, as soon as you leave the reserve to go to university you lose status - certain privileges and rights that came with being status but as soon as you left reserve you lost it all |
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Gradual Civilization Act 1857 |
- "whereas it is desirable to encourage the progress of civilization among the Indian tribes in this province, and the gradual removal of all distinctions between them and her majesty's other Canadian subjects" - trying to get the indigenous to be one like the british -encourage progress of civilization- try to entice them to leave these lands so they can let go of their status - want them to become more civilized and the way to do that is become less indian |
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TREATIES again - The interpretation of Treaties |
1. Literal Interpretations :5$ for treaty day 2. Interpreting it as a living document - implications of varying interpretations of the treaties - impact on indigenous/non indie relations - impact on canadaian national unity |
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Literal Interpretations vs. Living document |
- Theoretically- treaties are nice- i'll vive you this if you give me this- practically they don't work - problem comes from how they are interpreted |
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LD: |
- something that could love and change over time - yes we need meds now but over time they will cahnge- over time you will provide us with medicine as healthcare changes - continue to provide education, housing |
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LI: |
- they actually say specific things like 5$ a day, we're following what the treaty says -they are taking everything they say in the treaty as literal as possible - it's treated like a literal document when it's advantageous to the govt and treated like living doc when its advantageous what did you mean vs. what did you really say- lost of it is misunderstood |
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Who are the "Aboriginals" |
- different labels can have vast implications in terms of rights and resources - 1982- constitution of Canada recognized Status Indians, Inuit and Metis as falling under the "Aboriginal" umbrella - Can revenue agency website- we renogize that many first nations people in Can prefer not to describe themselves as Indians- however we use the term indian because it has a legal meaning in the Indian Act |
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Aboriginals |
- Legally canada recognizes status indians, inuit and metis people- their legal rights these populations have - they fall under the umbrella that is indigenous people |
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Gaining and Losing Status |
- losing status and enfranchisement - modifications to ensure the indian act was still in line with the Canadian Charter of rights and Freedom 1985: Bill C-31- an act to amend the indian act 2011: Bill C3- Gender Equity in INdian Registration Act |
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Status |
- trying to reduce the amount of people who have status -before 1985- S women would marry NS man and their child would have NS -M with S could give S to wife and child -m with NS could take away S from wife and child -changed after bill c31- people could re-claim their status- allow grand children who would have had status if we had gender equality - can't continue to 3rd generation if you don't marry S individual |
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Argument made |
- that while it seems to be giving rights, it puts restrictions on who you can marry ABOCIDE: intentionally elimination the indigenous people because your limiting them, if they lose status they lose LEGAL rights - over time the number of people who have status DECREASE and the group becomes smaller- the lesser effective they are to exercise political and legal change |
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Status and Identification: why do we do this? what are the implications What would happen if we stopped caring about status |
- those who lived in difficult sitautions- it would become worse -you wipe away all the history- you need to rectify the wrongs that have been made -moving forward is righting the wrongs in out history - stopping status label is not beneficial to indigenous but ben to the govt- then you don't have to continue to say that this land is safe guarded |
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The repercussions of Disagreement |
- land disputes -EG: Oka 1990 Ipperwash 1995 caledonia 2006 - people do not realize how much territory was supposed to be protected and how much was lost over time - how muchness given to the govt vs taken away |
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Conflict often stems from the question of rights whose land is it? who owes what? who deserve what? |
-take away: before residential schools,trust was already getting broken over and over again -also intentional efforts to try and reduce the indigenous, gradual civilization make them less them and more US. |
