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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What do exocrine glands do?
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Exocrine glands release enzymes to the external environment through ducts.
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What are 4 examples of exocrine glands?
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sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive glands
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What do endocrine glands do?
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Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bodily fluids.
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What type of gland is the pancreas?
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The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland, releasing insulin and glucagon directly into the blood (endocrine), and releasing digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct (exocrine).
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Compare the effects of the endocrine system with that of the nervous system.
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The effects of the endocrine system tend to be slower, less direct, and longer lasting than those of the nervous system.
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How do all hormones first act?
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All hormones first act by binding to protein receptors.
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In general, what are the effects of the endocrine system?
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The endocrine system alters metabolic activities, regulates growth and development, and guides reproduction.
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What are the three basic chemistry types of hormones?
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peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and tyrosine derivatives
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Where are all peptide hormones manufactured?
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All peptide hormones are manufactured on the rough ER.
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What are the anterior pituitary hormones?
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FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH (follicle-stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and human growth hormone)
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FLAT PIG
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What are the posterior pituitary hormones?
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ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin
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Can you name the peptide hormones?
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The anterior pituitary hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH), posterior pituitary hormones (ADH, oxytocin), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and pancreatic hormones (glucagon, insulin).
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What are the pancreatic hormones?
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glucagon and insulin
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What are steroids hormone derived from?
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Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.
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What are the gonadal hormones?
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The gonadal hormones are estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
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Can you name the steroid hormones?
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glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of the adrenal cortex (which include cortisol and aldosterone), and the gonadal hormones (which include estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone)
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Which hormones are tyrosine derivatives?
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Tyrosine derivatives include the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are formed in the adrenal medulla.
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Where are all tyrosine derivative hormones formed?
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All tyrosine derivative hormones are formed by enzymes in the cytosol or on the rough ER.
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What carries thyroid hormones in the blood? Why?
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Plasma protein carriers carry thyroid hormones in the blood because thyroid hormones are lipid soluble.
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What effect do thyroid hormones have on the body?
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Thyroid hormones increase the transcription of a large number of genes in nearly all cells of the body.
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Where are catecholamines formed?
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adrenal medulla
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Where is the anterior pituitary located?
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in the brain below the hypothalamus
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What controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones?
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releasing and inhibitory hormones of the hypothalamus
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What controls the release of releasing and inhibitory hormones of the hypothalamus?
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nervous signals throughout the nervous system
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What is the function of hGH?
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stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body
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How does hGH stimulate growth?
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increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, increasing the rate of protein synthesis, mobilizing fat stores, increasing the use of fatty acids for energy, and decreasing the use of glucose
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What is the function of ACTH?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via cAMP second messenger
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What stimulates the release of ACTH?
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many types of stress-glucocorticoids are stress hormones
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What is the function of TSH?
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stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 via cAMP second messenger--thyroid stimulating hormone increases thyroid cell size, number, and the rate of secretion of T3 and T4
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TSH-T3+T4 feedback...
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T3 and T4 concentrations have a negative feedback effect on TSH release, both at the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
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What is the function of prolactin?
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promotes lactation by the breasts
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What stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release prolactin?
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the act of suckling
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What is the function of oxytocin?
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increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from the breasts
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What is the function of ADH (vasopressin)?
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causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water, reducing the amount of urine and concentrating the urine-since fluid is reabsorbed, ADH also increases BP
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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on top of the kidneys
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What is the adrenal cortex?
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the outside portion of the adrenal gland
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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
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only steroid hormones (mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids)
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What do mineral corticoids do?
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affect the electrolyte balance in the blood stream
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What do glucocorticoids do?
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increase blood glucose concentration and have an even greater effect on fat and protein metabolism
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What is the major mineral corticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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aldosterone
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What is the major glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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cortisol
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What does the mineral corticoid aldosterone do?
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acts in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion. Aldosterone creates a net gain particles in the plasma, which results in an eventual increase in BP
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What does the glucocorticoid cortisol do?
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increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver (cortisol also degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for cellular energy)
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Cortisol causes the degradation of...
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nonhepatic proteins, a decrease of nonhepatic amino acids and a corresponding increase in liver and plasma proteins and amino acids
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are....
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vasoconstrictors of most internal organs and skin, but are vasodilators of skeletal muscle
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Where is the thyroid located?
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along the trachea, just in front of the larynx
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What are the three thyroid hormones?
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triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin
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What is the general effect of T3 and T4?
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increase the basal metabolic rate
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What regulates thyroid hormone secretion?
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TSH
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What is the function of calcitonin?
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Calcitonin slightly decreases the blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activity and number
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Where is glucagon released from?
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the alpha cells of the pancreas
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Where is insulin released from?
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The beta cells of the pancreas
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What is the function of insulin?
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lower blood glucose levels---in the presence of insulin, carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, fat is stored in adipose tissue, and amino acids are taken up by the cells of the body and made into proteins
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What is the function of glucagon?
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raise blood glucose levels---glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
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In higher concentrations, what does glucagon do?
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breaks down adipose tissue, increasing the fatty acid level in the blood
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Where are the parathyroid glands located?
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the back of the thyroid
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What is the function of PTH?
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parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium---increases osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone and stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts
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With the exception of FSH, LH, and HCG, where are the reproductive hormones released from?
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testes, ovaries, and placenta
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What are the male gonads called?
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testes
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Where does sperm production occur?
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seminiferous tubules of the testes
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Spermatogonia located in the seminiferous tubules arise from epithelial tissue to become what?
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spermatocytes, spermatids, and then spermatozoa
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What hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to surround and nurture the spermatocyte and spermatids?
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FSH
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When stimulated by LH, Leydig cells (in the interstitium between the tubules) release what hormone?
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testosterone
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What does testosterone do?
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is the primary androgen (male sex hormone), and stimulates the germ cells to become sperm; responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair, larynx enlargement, penis and seminal vesicle growth); stimulates closure of the epiphyses of long bones
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What are the posterior pituitary hormones?
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ADH and oxytocin
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Can you name the peptide hormones smartass?
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anterior pituitary hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH), posterior pituitary hormones (ADH, oxytocin), parathyroid hormone (PTH), pancreatic hormones (glucagon, insulin)
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What are the pancreatic hormones?
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glucagon and insulin
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What are steroid hormone derived from?
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cholesterol
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What are the gonadal hormones?
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estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
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Can you name the steroid hormones dbag?
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glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of the adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone), gonadal hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
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Which hormones are tyrosine derivatives?
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thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine, thyroxine), catecholamines formed in the adrenal medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
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Where are all tyrosine derivative hormones formed?
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all tyrosine derivative hormones are formed by enzymes in the cytosol or on the rough ER
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What carries thyroid hormones in the blood? Why?
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plasma protein carriers, because thyroid hormones are lipid soluble
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What effect do thyroid hormones have on the body?
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increase the transcription of a large number of genes in nearly all cells of the body
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Anterior pituitary hormones...
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FLAT PG
FSH LH ACTH Prolactin hGH |
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Posterior pituitary hormones...
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Oxytocin
ADH |
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Adrenal cortex hormones...
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Aldosterone
Cortisol |
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Adrenal medulla hormones...
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Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
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Thyroid hormones...
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T3, T4
Calcitonin |
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Parathyroid hormones...
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PTH
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Pancreas hormones...
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Insulin
Glucagon |
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Ovary hormones...
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Estrogens
Progesterone |
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Testes hormones...
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Testosterone
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Placenta hormones...
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HCG
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