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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development
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Sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
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Continuous development
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A continuous spectrum that morphs across that disciple
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Discontinuous development
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Categorical and in stages
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Physical development
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Factors like, motor skills, bone structure, weight, height, etc.
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Stages of development
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Prenatal period, Infancy, Childhood, Puberty, Adulthood
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Cognitive Development
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Factors like thought patterns, problem solving skills, etc
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Social Development
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Emotional behaviours, family dynamics, peer relationships, etc.
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Longitudinal research
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Uses the same individuals repeatedly over long periods of time (from weeks or months… to years and decades)
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Cross-sectional research
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People of different ages are studied at the same point in time
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Cohort Effect
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Differences between individuals of different ages may be the result of different social conditions of the periods in which they grew up (rather than age
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Prenatal development development
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from conception to birth
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Period of the zygote
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conception through implantation
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Period of the embryo
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3rd-8th week, organ formation, heartbeat
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Period of the fetus
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9th week-birth
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Teratogen
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any agent that can harm an embryo or fetus
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Maternal emotional state
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this is often overlooked → Negative emotional states create hormonal reactions that are passed through the placenta to the fetus
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Infancy
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Development from birth to 2 years
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Sensory development
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during infancy
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Phonology
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Set of sounds basic to a given language → English has 46 separate one (words consonants, and combos of the 2)
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Morphology
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Smallest units of speech that convey meaning → English has about 100,000
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Syntax
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Rules about how units of speech can be combined into sentences in a given language
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Semantics
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The meaning of words and sentences
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Babbling
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an early stage of speech development in which infants emit virtually all known sounds of human speech and starts between 0-6 months
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Vocabulary Development
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At 12-18 months vocabulary of 50 or more words
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Semantic Development
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At 5-6 years we have several thousand words
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Development of Grammar
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at 3 years
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Grammar
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rules within a given language indicating how words can be combined into meaningful sentences
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Attachment
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the process of forming close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infant and caregivers
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Secure attachment
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Often cry on separation and take no comfort from the stranger and when the mother returns they actively seek contact with her and the crying stops
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Avoidant attachment
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They don’t cry when their mother leaves and react to the stranger like their mother and when the mother returns they typically avoid her (or are slow to greet her)
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Resistant Attachment
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Before separation, these infants seek contact with their mother and after she returns, however, they seem angry, and they push her away
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Disorganized attachment
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When reunited with their mothers, they make contradictory responses and they look away from the mother while being held or approach her with a lack of emotion
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Childhood
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2-11 years
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Stages of development
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,
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Sensorimotor (0 to 2 years)
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marked by the infant’s increasing ability to organize and coordinate sensations and perceptions with their actions → Most important ability to develop is “object permanence”
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Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
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During this stage mental reasoning begins but the child is only able to perceive the world from their own point of view (“egocentrism” is present)
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Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)
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Child develops the ability to perform complex intellectual operations, formal operational
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Intellectual operationer formed at the concrete operational stage
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conservation, classification, Seriation, temporal relations
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Formal Operational (11 to 15 years)
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The period when the person learns hypothetical reasoning (they can now function purely in a symbolic, abstract level)
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Emotional awareness
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a cluster of skills acquired through a developmental process that is similar to that described by Piaget
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5 levels of emotional awareness
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physical sensations, action tendencies, single emotions, blends of emotion, blends of blends of emotional experience
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“Stages of moral reasoning”
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levels 1-3 with 6 stages
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Level 1
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Preconventional (no internalization) → Stage 1=individualism, purpose and exchange and Stage 2=Heteronomous morality
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Level 2
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Conventional (intermediate internalization) → Stage 3=mutual interpersonal expectations and Stage 4=social system morality
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Level 3
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Postconventional (full internalization) → Stage 5=social contract and individual rights and Stage 6=universal ethical principles
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Puberty
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the physiological changes involved in sexual maturation and other body changes that occur at this time
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Adolescence
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the psychological experience between puberty and adulthood
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3 distinct stages of Puberty
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pre-pubescence, pubescence, and post-pubescence
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pre-pubescence stage
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includes the first evidence of sexual maturation (primary sexual characteristics) and ends at the first appearance of pubic hair
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Pubescence
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Growth spurt accelerates
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Post-pubescence
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Growth spurt decreases and completion of primary sexual characteristics
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Timing of puberty
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girls between the ages of 10 and 15 (usually 1 to 2 years before boys)
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Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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Psychosocial theory of human development and consists of 8 stages birth to death
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Stage 1 Trust v. Mistrust
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Birth-1 ½ years → A sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and minimal amount of fear and apprehension; If needs are not met the infant is likely to become suspicious, fearful, or insecure
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Stage 2 Autonomy v. Shame
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1 ½-3 years → The child learns to talk, to control their body, and to begin asserting a sense of independence or autonomy and the failure to master their skills can cause self-doubt, shame, or inferiority
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Stage 3 Initiative v. Guilt
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3-5 years → Children learn to take greater care of their bodies, toys, and environment (increased responsibility increases initiative) and if the child is irresponsible, and made to feel anxious about it, feelings of guilt, anxiety, and unworthiness may arise
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Stage 4 Industry v. Inferiority
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6-puberty → LEARNING is the key to this stage;Children direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills and if their efforts are stifled, ,they may believe that they are inferior, mediocre, or inadequate
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Stage 5 identity v. identity confusion
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Adolescence to young adulthood (10ish-20ish years) → Individuals begin to decide who they are--they develop a sense of “identity” and adolescents must explore many roles and see which fit
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Stage 6 intimacy v. isolation
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Young adulthood (late teens to late 20s early 30s) → Many young adults are still seeking identity
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Stage 7 Generativity v. Stagnation
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Middle adulthood → People who have successfully negotiated the 6 earlier stages are likely to find meaning and joy in their lives
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Stage 8 integrity v. despair
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Later adulthood-death (late 60s onward) → Critical issue is the feelings one has as one evaluates one’s life; ne may feel that they were years well spent (feelings of integrity) or one may feel despair and become obsessed with wasted opportunities
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Levinson’s theory of adult development
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Describes the psychosocial evolution of adults in 10 stages
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Stage one of Levinson’s theory
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early adult transition from 17 to 22 → A person begins exploring possibilities and making tentative commitments and first ‘adult’ relationships are formed
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Stage two of Levinson’s theory
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entering the adult world from age 22-28 → A person creates their first major life structure (this could be a marriage or a home, etc.)
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Stage three of Levinson’s theory
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“age 30 transition” from age 28-33 → We begin to evaluate and modify the first life structure they have made
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Stage four of Levinson’s theory
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Settling down from age 33 to 40 → At this time, a second life structure is created and may involve family, work, friends, or community service
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Stage five of Levinson’s theory
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Midlife transition from age 40-45 → The individual questions what they have done with their life; a crisis for men or women may occur at this stage
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Stage six of Levinson’s theory
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entering middle adulthood ages 45-50 → An individual forms a new life structure it may involve a new job or marriage
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Stage seven of Levinson’s theory
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age 50 transition from age 50-55 → It is similar to “age 30 transition”, requiring evaluation and adjustments of the midlife structure
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Stage eight of Levinson’s theory
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culmination of middle adulthood from age 55 to 60 → May build another middle structure it can be very satisfying time if adult has had successful adaptations throughout structures
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Stage nine of Levinson’s theory
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late adult transition from age 60-65 → During this period the individual typically prepares for retirement
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Stage ten of Levinson’s theory
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late adulthood over 65 → The individual creates a new life structure which suits their retirement and health; an individual must deal with the psychologic an issue of no longer being young
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Sternberg’s Triarchic theory
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Suggest there are 3 basic types of intelligence
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Componential (or analytic) intelligence
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Involves the abilities to think critically and analytically. People high on this dimension usually excel on standard academic tests
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Experiential (or creative) intelligence
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Emphasizes insight and the ability to formulate new ideas. People high on this dimension are good at zeroing in on what information is crucial in a given situation
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Contextual (or practical) intelligence
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People high on this dimension are “intelligent” in a practical, adaptive sense. These people have what many would term “street smart”
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Development
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is the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
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zygote
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a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg
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The Prenatal period
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extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy
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The Germinal stage
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is the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception
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The embryonic stage
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is the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2 month
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Fetal stage
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is the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 months until birth
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
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Motor development
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refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
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Cephalocaudal trend
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the head-to-foot direction of motor development → Children tend to gain control over the upper part of their bodies before the lower part
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Proximodistal trend
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the centre-outward direction of motor development → Children gain control over their torso before their extremities
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Maturation
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is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint → It is a product of genetically programmed physical changes that come with age-as opposed to experience and learning
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Developmental norms
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indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities
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Temperament
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characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
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Separation Anxiety
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emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
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Egocentrism
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in thinking is characterized but a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint
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Reversibility
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permits a child to mentally undo an action
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Decentration
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shows the child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously
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