Lecture 22: Fungi

Front 1

fungus vs fungi

Back 1

one fungus, two fungi

Front 2

Is a Fungus Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

Back 2

Eukaryotic

Front 3

A fungus is _____-bearing

Back 3

spore-bearing.

It can duplicate itself in spore gorm (genetically identical)

Front 4

Fungus eat by absorbing nutrients. Most fungi are ______, heterotrophic organisms that feed on dead organic matter

Back 4

saprobes

Front 5

saprobes

Back 5

heterotrophic organisms that feed on dead organic matter

Front 6

What are three positive Roles of Fungi?

Back 6

1) FUngi are decomposers
2) Industrial applications
3) Research

Front 7

Fungi are decomposers. They release ______ back into the environment, make available to plants for recycling.

Back 7

carbon/minerals

Front 8

There are several industrial applications of fungus. Name 3.

Back 8

1) Foods- cheese, bread, soy sauce
2) Drinks- beer, wine, sake
3) Antibiotics, insecticides, etc (ex. penicillin, cephalosporin)

Front 9

Research. ________ for fundamental biological processes

Back 9

Ideal experimental system

Front 10

Fungi also play a negative role. THey cause diseases in ___, ____, and ____

Back 10

plants (dutch elm disease)
animals (ring worm)
humans

Front 11

It is difficult to cure fungal infections because both the _____ and ______ are eukaryotes

Back 11

target
host

*all prokaryotes have something to target with a certain drug, but Fungi are eukaryotic, so harder to target with something specific, difficult to cure

Front 12

What are the four main differences between Fungi and Plants?

Back 12

1) Fungi have NO CHLOROPHYLL
2) Fungi have CHITIN
3) Fungi are NOT TRULY MULTICELLULAR
4) Fungi are HETEROTROPHIC eukaryotes

Front 13

Chitin is a homopolymer of _____

Back 13

N-acetyglucosamine

It is a structural polysaccharide

N-acetyglucosamine homopolymer is not found in plants

Front 14

Fungi are either ____ or ____

Back 14

yeasts
molds

Front 15

Fungi are either yeasts or molds or both, some are ______

Back 15

biphasic/dimorphic

Front 16

Fungi can be biphasic/dimorphic, depending on ____

Back 16

temperature

Mold-like phase at 25oC
Yeast-like phase at 37oC

Front 17

A yeast is a ______ fungus with a single nucleus

Back 17

unicellular

Front 18

Molds are fungi with _____

Back 18

hyphae

hyphae are long, branched filaments

Front 19

Mold has ______, a thick mass of hyphae

Back 19

mycelium

Front 20

septate fungi

Back 20

individual cells are separated by cross-walls

Front 21

Give an example of a septate fungi

Back 21

penicillium notatum

Front 22

coenocytic fungi

Back 22

there are no septa

Front 23

Give an example of a coenocytic fungi

Back 23

Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

Front 24

What has no septa?

Back 24

Coenocytic fungi

Front 25

septum vs septa vs septate

Back 25

septum- one
septa- many
septate- describes fungus with septa

Front 26

In asexual reproduction, the spores produced are ____

Back 26

genetically identical to the parent

depending on structure spore comes from is how it is named

Front 27

In sexual Reproduction, cells of ______ fuse

Back 27

opposite mating type

Front 28

In sexual reproduction, cells of opposite mating type fuse. _____ fuse, ____ mix. Cell is now diploid

Back 28

nuclei fuse, chromosomes mix

Front 29

In sexual reproduction, cells of opposite mating type fuse. Nuclei fuse, chromosomes mix. Cell is now diploid. Cell then undergoes _____ to return to haploid state.

Back 29

division

Front 30

In sexual reproduction, cells of opposite mating type fuse. Nuclei fuse, chromosomes mix. Cell is now diploid. Cell then undergoes division to return to haploid state. ____ then develop from cells in haploid state

Back 30

spores

Ex:
MATa mates with MATb --> MATab diploid with mixed chromosomes --> divide --> disect out and get haploid

Front 31

Give the name of bakers yeast

Back 31

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Front 32

Give 5 classes of Fungi

Back 32

1) Chytridiomycota
2) Zygomycota
3) Ascomycota
4) Basidiomycota
5) Deuteromycota

Front 33

CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA. What are chytrids?

Back 33

group of aquatic fungi with flagellated spores

Front 34

Chytrids are ____ and like to kill amphibians

Back 34

parasitic

Front 35

ZYGOMYCOTA have what kind of hyphae?

Back 35

Coenocytic hyphae w/septa only where reproductive cells are formed

Front 36

ZYGOMYCOTA. In the mycelium, thousands of asexually produces ______ are being produceed within ______

Back 36

sporangiospores
sporangium

Front 37

Give an example of a zygomycota

Back 37

bread mold- Rhizopus stolonifer

Front 38

Give the formal name of the fungi that causes bread mold

Back 38

rhizopus stolonifer
it is a zygomycota

Front 39

Besides bread mold, Rhizopus can be found in what two things?

Back 39

sake, cortisone

Front 40

Ascomycota is a ___ fungi

Back 40

sac

Front 41

Ascomycota is a sac fungi. Its characteristic reproductive structure is a sac-like ____

Back 41

ascus

Front 42

What kind of hyphae is in the mycelium of ascomycota?

Back 42

septate

Front 43

Asexual reproduction of ascomycota leads to the formation of ______

Back 43

conidiospores

Front 44

Give three examples of ascomycota

Back 44

unicellular yeast
cup fungi
truffles

Front 45

Basidiomycota is commonly known as the ___

Back 45

mushroom

Front 46

What is the reproductive structure of basidiomycota?

Back 46

Basidium

Front 47

Basidium is the reproductive structure on which sexual spores are produced after _____

Back 47

hyphal fusion

Front 48

Give the name of a common mushroom

Back 48

Agaricus campestris
(white mushroom @ grocery market. ok to eat)

Front 49

Give the name of the basidiomycota that looks good but kills, also known as the 'destroying angel'

Back 49

Amanita phalloides

Front 50

Amanita phalloides is always fatal and produces what two toxins?

Back 50

phalloidin
alpha-amanitin

Front 51

Phalloidin, produced by Amanita phalloides, a basidiomycota, targets what?

Back 51

liver

Front 52

Alpha-amanitin, produced by Amanita phalloides, a basidiomycota, targets what?

Back 52

GI tract

Front 53

deuteromycota are also known as ____

Back 53

fungi imperfecti

Front 54

Why are deuteromycota known as fungi imperfecti?

Back 54

- no known sexual cycle
- varied types of asexual spores

Front 55

Give two examples of deuteromycota that are human pathogens

Back 55

1) Candida albicans - thrush in mouth
2) Histoplasma capsulatum - disease in lungs

Front 56

Give an example of a deuteromycota that is helpful to humans

Back 56

penicillium

Front 57

What are the five groups of mycoses (fungal diseases) transmitted by inhalation of spores?

Back 57

1) Subcutaneous
2) Cutaneous
3) Superficial
4) Opportunistic
5) Systemic - throughout the body, affects many tissues/organs

Front 58

Subcutaneous- fungal infections caused by ____

Back 58

spores implanted in puncture wounds

Front 59

cutaneous- fungal infections of _____

Back 59

hair, nails, and skin

Front 60

Superficial- fungal infections on _____ or ____

Back 60

hair shafts or skin surface

Front 61

Give an example of a fungus that infects the hairshaft (superficial)

Back 61

black piedra

Front 62

Opportunistic. Give an example of a fungus that causes opportunistic mycoses

Back 62

Candida albicans

Front 63

What is another name for valley fever?

Back 63

Coccidioidomycosis

Front 64

What is the causing agent of valley fever?

Back 64

Coccidioides immitis

Front 65

What does Coccidioides immitis produce that can be inhaled?

Back 65

produces ARTHROSPORES that can be inhaled

Front 66

What are the symptoms of valley fever?

Back 66

respiratory infection, flu-like symptoms

Front 67

Coccidioides immitis produces arthrospores that are inhaled and then swell to yield _____

Back 67

spherules that cause inflammation

Front 68

Coccidioides immitis produces arthrospores that are inhaled and then swell to yield spherules that cause inflammation. Spherules pop and release _____ in human lungs

Back 68

endospores

-may reinfect and start cycle over

Front 69

Describe the developmental cycle of Coccidioides immitis

Back 69

Outside the body, the organism exists as a septate mycelium. It segments to form airborne arthrospores, which are inhaled. In the respiratory tract, the arthrospores swell to yield a large body, the spherule, that segments and breaks down to release endospores. When released to the environment, the endospores form germ tubes and then the mycelium.

Front 70

Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) can become chronic, especially in ______. It is systemic.

Back 70

immunosupressed

Front 71

Dermatophytosis is a general name for a fungal disease of the ____, ____, and ___

Back 71

hair, skin, and nails

Front 72

Dermatophytosis is also known as _____

Back 72

tinea infections

Front 73

athlete's foot

Back 73

tinea pedis

Front 74

ringworm of the head

Back 74

tinea capitis

Front 75

ringworm of the body

Back 75

tinea corporis

Front 76

jock itch

Back 76

tinea cruris

Front 77

ringworm of the nails

Back 77

tinea unguim

Front 78

Pathogenecity- Dermatophytes invade keratinized structure and produce _____ to metabolize _____ as a nutrient

Back 78

keratinase
keratin

Front 79

The causes of dermatophytosis are a series of fungi called dermatophytes. Give 3 examples.

Back 79

Trichophyton (ascomycete)
Microsporum (ascomycete)
Epidermophyton (deuteromycete)

Front 80

What are three major symptoms of Dermatophytosis?

Back 80

itching, bad odor, rash

Front 81

Symptoms of Dermatophytosis include itching, bad odor, rash, accompanied by ______ which exude fluid when scratched leaving a scaly ring.

Back 81

blister-like lesions

Front 82

Symptoms of Dermatophytosis include itching, bad odor, and rash, accompanied by blister-like lesions which exude fluid when scratched leaving a scaly ring. Also, ____, change of _____, and inflammation may occur

Back 82

hair loss
change of hair color

Front 83

What are three forms of treatment for dermatophytosis

Back 83

1) Use of powders
2) Change Local pH
3) Anti-fungal

Front 84

use of powders

Back 84

powders dry infected area

Front 85

Change Local pH (2 pts)

Back 85

1) Certain acids are active against fungi
2) undecyclenic acid is the main ingredient of Desenex

Front 86

Desenex is an ointment, with its main ingredient being ______, that is active against fungi

Back 86

Undecyclenic acid

Front 87

Anti-Fungal (2 types)

Back 87

1) Miconazole (micatin)- topical, for vagina
2) Griseofulvin- oral, causes hyphae to shrivel

Front 88

Antifungals. What type of drug is an antifungal?

Back 88

Polyenes

Front 89

Polyenes combine with ____ in fungal plasma membrane

Back 89

sterols

Front 90

Polyenes combine with sterols in fungal plasma membrane. This makes the membrane excessively _____

Back 90

permeable

Front 91

Antifungals come from _____

Back 91

Streptomyces

Front 92

Antifungals are used to treat systemic fungal diseases such as _____ and _____

Back 92

coccidioidmycosis, histoplasmosis

Front 93

Why do antifungals have a limited use?

Back 93

toxicity to kidneys limits use

Front 94

Give two examples of Imidazoles (antifungal antibiotic)

Back 94

Clotrimazole, ketaconazole

Front 95

Are imidazoles natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic?

Back 95

synthetic

Front 96

Imadazoles interferes with sterol synthesis in fungi, with possibly other _______ effects

Back 96

antimetabolic

Front 97

Imidazoles treats _______

Back 97

cutaneous mycoses

Front 98

Ketoconazole, taken orally, can be used for _______

Back 98

systemic mycoses

Front 99

Imidazoles has possible ____ damage

Back 99

liver

Front 100

What has a similar mechanism of action as imidazoles?

Back 100

triazoles such as fluconazole

Front 101

Griseofulvin blocks ________ assembly and interfere with ______, inhibits fungal reproduction

Back 101

microtuble
mitosis

Front 102

Griseofulvin comes from ____

Back 102

Penicillium

Front 103

Griseofulvin is used to treat ______ because it selectively binds keratin

Back 103

superficial mycoses