Lecture 2 - Developmental Psychology

Front 1

Define "frameworks".

Back 1

a way of organizing different theoretical perspectives on human development

Front 2

Define "theory".

Back 2

a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations.

Front 3

In terms of biological-maturation framework, Erikson was ___________, whereas Freud was _______________.

Back 3

Erikson: psychosocial

Freud: psychodynamic

Front 4

Under the biological-maturation framework, ___________ influences take a backseat to biological influences.

Back 4

environmental

Front 5

Development occurs from within the organism as a result of the organism's biological heritage.

This is what framework?

Back 5

biological-maturation

Front 6

In terms of the environmental-learning framework, development occurs from the ____________.

Back 6

environment

Front 7

In terms of the environmental-learning framework; ______ shape children's development by rewarding and punishing their behaviour.

Back 7

adults

Front 8

Learning is the process by which ________ is modified by ____________.

Back 8

learning

experience

Front 9

In terms of environmental-learning framework, what theorist wrote about what theory?

Watson:

Skinner:

Bandura:

Back 9

Watson: behaviorism

Skinner: operant-learning theory

Bandura: social learning theory

Front 10

What framework states this: development is due to biological and environmental influences which occur in qualitative shifts.

Back 10

constructivist

Front 11

In the constructivist framework, children have an ____________________ in their own ___________.

Back 11

active role

development

Front 12

What theory by Piaget follows a constructivist framework?

Back 12

cognitive developmental theory

Front 13

Name this framework: development is due to both biological and environmental influences, but influences development through culture.

Back 13

cultural-context framework

Front 14

The cultural-context framework requires ____________________ to be an active participant in children's development.

Back 14

children and adults

Front 15

Vygotsky's theory relating to cultural-context framework is the _________________.

Back 15

sociocultural theory

Front 16

____________________: children actively influence the environments that influence their development.

Back 16

developmental systems

Front 17

Developmental Systems: development is due to both ________ and _______ influences. These influences _________ with each other.

Back 17

biological

environmental

interact

Front 18

Theories in relation to developmental systems by these theorists are called what:

Thelen & Smith:

Eccles:

Bronfenbrenner:

Back 18

Thelen & Smith: dynamic system

Eccles: goodness of fit model

Bronfenbrenner: ecological systems

Front 19

a) Microsystem =

b) Mesosystem =

c) Exosystem =

d) Marcosystem =

e) Chronosystem =

Back 19

a) the child

b) family, school, peers

c) extended family, neighbors, mass media

d) broad ideology, laws, culture customs, social class

e) changes in a person/environment over time

Front 20

Name the three goals of developmental psychology.

Back 20

1. describe

2. explain

3. optimize development

Front 21

What is the scientific method?

Back 21

a series of steps taken by a scholar to make sure: 1. observations are accurate and

2. verifiable by others

Front 22

Researchers must be _____ and allow their observations and data decide the merits of their _________.

Back 22

objective

theory/theorizing

Front 23

Steps involved with the scientific method include:

Back 23

reasoning

systematic observations

communication

Front 24

Define theory.

Back 24

a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations.

Front 25

A good theory must be these three things:

Back 25

- parsimonious (simplistic)

- falsifiable (must be able to discount the theory)

- generate ideas (new ideas, must be able to build on it overall)

Front 26

A scientific hypothesis is a:

Back 26

theoretical assumption or prediction about some aspect of experience

Front 27

Hypotheses must be ____________ in order to determine their accuracy.

Back 27

testable

Front 28

Researchers need to separate themselves from the hypotheses so feelings do not influence the date. This is:

Back 28

objectivity

Front 29

When our instrument is reliable over time and across observers. This is:

Back 29

reliability

Front 30

No matter what, other researchers must be able to repeat your findings and data. This is:

Back 30

replicability

Front 31

Are you measuring what you're intending to measure instead of something else? This is making sure our scientific method has:

Back 31

validity

Front 32

Name the two methods of data collection in relation to observation.

Back 32

- naturalistic observations

- controlled observations

Front 33

Name the two methods of data collection in relation to self-report.

Back 33

- interviews (clinical or structured)

- questionnaires

Front 34

Name the two methods of data collection in relation to experiments.

Back 34

- controlled experiments

- quasi-experiments

Front 35

Observation of the actual behaviour of people in the course of their every day life, is what kind of observational methodology?

Back 35

naturalistic observation

Front 36

What kind of observational methodology is used to increase the likelihood of observing a behavior of interest?

Back 36

controlled observation

Front 37

How do participants respond to questionnaires as a self-report methodology?

Back 37

using pencil and paper measures

Front 38

What is a structured interview in terms of self-report methodologies?

Back 38

all participants are asked the same question in the same way allowing comparison across individuals.

Front 39

What is a clinical interview in terms of a self-report methodology?

Back 39

questions are tailored to the individual, with each question determined by the preceding answer