Lecture 17- Adaptive Immunity

Front 1

primary response

Back 1

the first response to a particular antigen

Front 2

The primary response may take a _____ to develop.

Back 2

week (or more)

Front 3

After this primary response, the immune system is able to _____ the mechanism that proved effective against that specific antigen.

Back 3

remember

Front 4

This memory response is called the _____ _____.

Back 4

secondary response

Front 5

2 types of adaptive immune response

Back 5

humoral immunity

cellular immunity

Front 6

humoral immunity

Back 6

eliminates extracellular pathogens

antibody-based

Front 7

cellular immunity

Back 7

eliminates intracellular pathogens

Front 8

Humoral immunity is mediated by _____ _____.

Back 8

B lymphocytes (aka B cells)

Front 9

Where do B cells develop in humans?

Back 9

bone marrow

Front 10

In response to extracellular antigens, B cells may be triggered to proliferate and then differentiate into _____ _____.

Back 10

plasma cells

Front 11

Before the B cell can multiply, it needs conformation by a _____ _____ that the antigen is indeed dangerous.

Back 11

T(h) cell

Front 12

Plasma cells produce proteins called _____.

Back 12

antibodies

Front 13

Antibodies bind to _____, providing protection to the host.

Back 13

antigens

Front 14

Some of the B cells will form _____ _____ _____.

Back 14

B memory cells

Front 15

What are the two functional regions of antibody molecules?

Back 15

two identical arms

stem of the molecule

Front 16

What part of the antibody molecule binds to a specific antigen?

Back 16

the arms

Front 17

The _____ _____ _____ of the end of the arm varies from antibody to antibody, providing the basis for _____.

Back 17

amino acid sequence

specificity

Front 18

What is the function of the stem of the antibody?

Back 18

acts as a red flag and tags antigens bound by antibodies and enlists other parts of the immune system to eliminate the bound molecule

Front 19

Cellular immunity is mediated by _____ _____.

Back 19

T lymphocytes (aka T cells)

Front 20

T cells mature in the _____.

Back 20

thymus

Front 21

2 subsets of T cells

Back 21

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cells

Front 22

Both cytotoxic and helper T cells have multiple copies of a surface molecule called a _____ _____.

Back 22

T-cell receptor

Front 23

What do T cell receptors enable the cell to do?

Back 23

recognize a specific antigen

Front 24

Unlike B cell receptors, T cell receptors do not recognize _____ _____.

Back 24

free antigen

Front 25

Instead, the antigen must be presented by one of the body's _____ _____.

Back 25

own cells

Front 26

Like B cells, T cells need conformation from another cell that the antigen it recognizes signifies danger before it can _____.

Back 26

multiply

Front 27

What cell provides T cells with this conformation?

Back 27

dendritic cell

Front 28

Both cytotoxic and helper T cells proliferate and differentiate into _____ cells.

Back 28

effector

Front 29

T cells are also able to form _____ _____.

Back 29

memory cells

Front 30

Effector cytotoxic T cells induce _____ in infected host cells.

Back 30

apoptosis

Front 31

Sacrifice of the cells releases unassembled viral components, which can strengthen the overall immune response by stimulating the production of more _____ that can then block further cellular infection.

Back 31

antibodies

Front 32

Effector helper T cells activate _____ that have engulfed the recognized antigen.

Back 32

macrophages

Front 33

lymphoid system

Back 33

collection of tissues and organs strategically designed and located to bring the population of B cells and T cells into contact with any and all antigens that enter the body

Front 34

This is important because lymphocytes are highly _____, recognizing only one or a few different _____.

Back 34

specific

antigens

Front 35

In order for the body to mount an effective response, the appropriate lymphocyte must actually _____ the given antigen.

Back 35

encounter

Front 36

Flow within the lymphoid system occurs via the _____ _____.

Back 36

lymphatic vessels

Front 37

Lymph is formed as a result of the body's _____ _____.

Back 37

circulatory system

Front 38

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Back 38

bone marrow and thymus

Front 39

Where do both B and T cells originate?

Back 39

bone marrow

Front 40

Only B cells mature in bone marrow, while T cells mature in the _____.

Back 40

thymus

Front 41

Once B and T cells mature they gather in the _____ _____ _____.

Back 41

secondary lymphoid organs

Front 42

How do B and T cells know where to migrate to?

Back 42

HOMING signals

Front 43

secondary lymphoid organs

Back 43

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and appendix

Front 44

B and T cells will come in contact with various _____ in the secondary lymphoid organs.

Back 44

antigens

Front 45

Why are secondary lymphoid organs strategically placed in the body?

Back 45

so that immune responses can be initiated at almost any location

Front 46

antigen

Back 46

antibody generator

coined from compounds that elicit antibody production

Front 47

The compounds observed to induce the antibody response are recognized as being foreign to the host by the _____ _____ _____.

Back 47

adaptive immune system

Front 48

These compounds include an enormous _____ of _____.

Back 48

variety

materials

Front 49

Antigens do not necessarily induce an immune response; those that do are called _____.

Back 49

immunogens

Front 50

antibody monomer

Back 50

basic Y-shaped structure of antibodies

Front 51

The antibody monomer consists of two _____ _____ and two _____ _____.

Back 51

heavy chains

light chains

Front 52

These four chains of amino acids are held together by _____ _____.

Back 52

disulfide bonds

Front 53

Each heavy and light chain has a _____ region and a _____ region.

Back 53

constant

variable

Front 54

The variable region is unique to each _____.

Back 54

antibody

Front 55

The variable region binds to a specific _____ and is known as the _____ region.

Back 55

antigen

fab

Front 56

6 protective outcomes of antibody-antigen binding

Back 56

neutralization

immobilization and prevention of adherence

agglutination and precipitation

opsonization

complement system activation

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 57

neutralization

Back 57

prevents toxin from interacting with the cell

Front 58

immobilization and prevention of adherence

Back 58

antibody bonding to cellular structures to interfere with function

Front 59

agglutination and precipitation

Back 59

clumping of bacterial cells by specific antibody

bacteria are thus more easily phagocytized

Front 60

opsonization

Back 60

coating of bacteria with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis

Front 61

complement system activation

Back 61

antibody bonding triggers classical pathway

Front 62

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Back 62

multiple antibodies bind a cell which becomes the target for certain cells

Front 63

5 immunoglobulin classes

Back 63

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

Front 64

The 5 classes are based on differences in the _____ portion of the _____ chain.

Back 64

constant

heavy

Front 65

What immunoglobulin is the first to respond to infection?

Back 65

IgM

Front 66

IgM accounts for _____% of antibodies in circulation.

Back 66

5-13

Front 67

What is the structure of IgM?

Back 67

pentamer; five monomer units joined together at the constant region

Front 68

IgM is found on the surface of _____ cells as a monomer.

Back 68

B

Front 69

IgM is the only antibody that can be formed by the _____.

Back 69

fetus

Front 70

Which is the dominant antibody in circulation?

Back 70

IgG

Front 71

IgG accounts for _____% of antibodies in circulation.

Back 71

80-85

Front 72

What is the structure of IgG?

Back 72

monomer

Front 73

IgG is the only antibody that can do what?

Back 73

cross the placenta

Front 74

IgG is found in _____.

Back 74

colostrum

Front 75

IgG is the antibody of _____.

Back 75

memory

Front 76

IgA is found in _____.

Back 76

secretion

Front 77

IgA accounts for _____% of antibodies in circulation.

Back 77

10-13

Front 78

What is the structure of IgA?

Back 78

monomer in serum; dimer in secretions

Front 79

IgA is found in _____ _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Back 79

breast milk

mucus

tears

saliva

Front 80

IgD accounts for _____% of antibodies in circulation.

Back 80

<1

Front 81

What is the structure of IgD?

Back 81

monomer

Front 82

IgD is involved with the _____ and _____ of the antibody response.

Back 82

development

maturation

Front 83

IgE is _____ _____ in normal blood.

Back 83

barely detectable

Front 84

What is the structure of IgE?

Back 84

monomer

Front 85

IgE is involved with _____ _____ as well as in the elimination of _____.

Back 85

allergic reactions

parasites

Front 86

clonal selection

Back 86

when antigen is introduced, only the cells capable of making the appropriate antibody can bind to the antigen

Front 87

clonal expansion

Back 87

when the cells that bind the antigen then begin multiplying, thereby generating a population of clones of the initial cell

Front 88

Without sustained stimulation, cell undergoes _____.

Back 88

apoptosis

Front 89

4 lymphocyte characteristics

Back 89

naive

activated

effector

memory

Front 90

naive lymphocytes

Back 90

have antigen receptors but have not yet encountered the antigen to which they are programmed to respond

Front 91

activated lymphocytes

Back 91

able to proliferate

have a bound antigen

Front 92

effector lymphocytes

Back 92

descendants of activated lymphocytes

able to produce specific cytokines

ex: plasma cells, effector helper T cells, and effector cytotoxic T cells