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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What makes up the upper respiratory tract?
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throat, nose, sinuses, middle ear, eustachian tubes
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What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
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larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
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Diseases can be found in the ___and ____ respiratory tract. Sometimes these tracts could be connected. Disease could start in uppper, go to lower if not treated
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upper
lower |
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Pathogen can be spread through the air over a distance of more than a ___
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meter
(3' distance) |
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What are the three main types of airborne transmission?
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- From an infected person to a susceptible person by coughing or sneezing or even just talking (pathogen attached to mucus or saliva)
- From dust contaminated with a pathogen to a susceptible person - From aerosols of water (air conditioning systems, sprays, etc) |
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Streptococci can be classified by what two systems?
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1) based on hemolytic properties (how break red blood cells)
2) cell wall carbohydrate |
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What are the three types of hemolytic groups?
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á (alpha)
â (beta) ã (gamma) |
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What are the hemolytic properties of alpha-hemolytic streptococci?
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partial destruction- olive green cells
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What are the hemolytic properties of beta-hemolytic streptococci?
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complete destruction- clear zone around cells
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What are the hemolytic properties of gamma-hemolytic streptococci?
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no effect- no change
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Variants of a specific carbohydrate, the C substance, is used to classify streptococci. Groups A through ____ have been distinguished
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S
(used to be O) |
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What is the worst streptococci for humans?
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Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci are worst for humans
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WHat are some diseases streptococci can cause?
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strep throat
scarlet fever flesh eating disease |
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What is the causing agent of strep throat?
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Streptococcus pyogenes, G+ cocci
Group A |
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How is strep throat transmitted?
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airborne droplets
(talk, cough, sneeze) |
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What are the symptoms of Strep Throat?
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*Red pharyngeal tissues from tissue erosion*
-high fever, coughing, swollen lymph nodes -usually no runny nose |
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The pathogenicity of S. pyogenes is enhanced by a substance called ____.
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M protein
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M protein is an adhesin protein anchored in the cell wall and ____. It adheres to _____ and retards ____
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pili
pharyngeal tissues phagocytosis |
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There are over 60 different types of M protein, making ______ to streptococcal disease difficult
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complete immunity
- you can get strep throat again. most likely with a different M protein |
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What are six possible complications of STrep Throat?
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1) scarlet fever
2) erysipelas 3) rheumatic fever 4) glomerulonephritis 5) necrotizing fascitis 6) septicemia (end pt of most diseases. blood infection, very serious) |
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Scarlet fever is strep throat accompanied by a ____
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skin rash
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Certain strains of S. pyogenes carry _______
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lysogenized bacteriophage
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Certain strains of S. pyogenes carry lysogenized bacteriophage. The bacteriophage encodes ________
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erythrogenic toxin
Erythrogenic toxin is produced only by strains of S. pyogenes that carry a prophage that encodes the toxin. |
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If you have scarlet fever, a rash shows up where?
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in soft skin areas of mouth, neck, chest
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the red rash of scarlet fever is caused by blood leaking through walls of _______damaged by _____
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capillaries
toxin |
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What is an acute infection of the dermal layer called?
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erysipelas
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What is a characteristic sign of Erysipelas?
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painful reddish patches recur periodically at the same body site
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Who does erysipelas mainly affect?
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Primarily in infants or people >30 with a history of strep throat
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An important complication of streptococcal disease is rheumatic Fever. This condition is caused by?
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immune response to STreptococcus surface antigens
antibodies from immune response cross-react with antigens on human heart, joints, and kidneys |
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Rheumatic fever is caused from the immune response to STreptococcus surface antigens. Antibodies from immune response ____ with antigens on human heart, joints, and kidneys
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cross-react
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Rheumatic fever is characterized by what?
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*scarring and distortion of heart valves*
fever inflammation |
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What is the condition when there is pain and inflamation in the kidneys?
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Glomerulonephritis
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How is glomerulonephritis caused?
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Results when Ag-Ab complexes get lodged in the glomeruli
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What is the disease associated with the dissolving of flesh?
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Necrotizing fascitis
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What causes necrotizing fascitis?
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Caused by streptococcal infection of sheath (fascia) covering the skeletal muscles
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What is the characteristic sign of necrotizing fascitis?
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extensive destruction of subcutaneous tissue by flesh-eating bacteria
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What is the name of the gram positive rod with metachromatic granules?
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Corynebacterium diptheriae
- shaped like a club |
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Corynebacterium diptheriae remains _____ after division
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partially attached
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What does corynebacterium diptheriae look like?
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angular (like Chinese characters) or palisade formation-side by side
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How is diptheria transmitted?
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inhaling respiratory droplets from an infected person into the upper respiratory tract near the tonsils
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Diptheria. Pathogenicity. An exotoxin encoded by the bacteriophage _______ interferes with protein synthesis in epithelial cells
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lysogenic corynephage
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The bacteria produce a potent ____that inhibits protein synthesis in epithelial cells. It is encoded by lysogenic corynephage.
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exotoxin
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In diptheria, what is the pseudomembrane made up of?
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mucus
WBC dead tissue fibrous material results in respiratory blockage |
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What do you treat diptheria with?
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antitoxin and antibiotics
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What do you vaccinate a person with to prevent diptheria?
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DTaP- diptheria toxoid
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What does a toxoid consist of?
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formaldehyde + toxin
A toxoid consists of toxin molecules treated with formaldehyde or heat to destroy their toxic qualitites. |
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Pertussis is also known as?
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whooping cough
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What is the causing agent of pertussis?
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Bordetella pertussis, a G- rod
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How is pertussis transmitted?
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Transmitted by airborne droplets that use pili to adhere to cilia of epithelial cells.
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What happens when airborne droplets use pili to adhere to cilia of epithelial cells?
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Ciliated cells are destroyed and mucusoal escalator impaired
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What are the 3 stages of symptoms of pertussis?
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1) Malaise, low-grade fever, worsening cough
2) Paroxysms- staccato coughs with rapid inhale resulting from disintegrating cells and mucus accumulating in the airways 3) 100-day cough |
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What vaccine is used to prevent pertussis?
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acellular pertussis, chemical extracts (less risky than whole organism), dTaP
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The term meningitis refers to several diseases of the meninges. What are meninges?
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3 membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
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What is the causing agent of meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitidis, G- encapsulated diplococcus
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What happens after Neisseria meningitidis by airborne droplets enters the body?
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bacterial endotoxins spread into blood stream and CSF (cerebral spinal fluids) causing shock. Death may result in about two hours.
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If you have a mild case of meningitis, what are the symptoms?
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influenza-like upper respiratory infection
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If you have a serious case of meningitis, what are the symptoms?
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pounding headache and stiff neck due to inflammation of meninges. Rash (red to blue-black spots called petechiae) will also appear. 50% untreated cases may be fatal.
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The rash, a symptm of severe meningitis, is red to blue-black spots called ___
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petechiae
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How do you diagnose meningitis?
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diagnose with spinal tap
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How do you treat meningitis?
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rifampin, penicillin, or sulfonamide drugs. Rifampin used as a prophylactic antibiotic when exposure has occurred.
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Besides Neisseria meningitidis, what else can cause meningitis?
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viruses and Haemophilus influenzae B
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What is the causing agent of tuberculosis?
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
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In developing countries, more deaths occur from _____ than from any other bacterial disease
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tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis enters the respiratory tract in aerosolized droplets, usually through _____
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multiple exposures
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After M. tuberculosis is inhaled into the lungs through multiple exposures, it enters the ____
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aveolus
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10% of the ppl infected with tuberculosis becomes ill in 3 months. What are the symptoms?
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*blood in sputum*
cough, chest pain, fever |
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90% of the ppl infected with tuberculosis have what symptoms?
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fever and weight loss (no real symptoms)
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The 90% of the people who have mild symptoms respond to the disease by forming a wall of white blood cells, salts, and fibrous materials around the bacilli. As these materials accumulate in the lung, a hard nodule called a _____arises
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tubercle
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THe tubercle may be visible by ___
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X-ray
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What happens if the tubercle breaks apart?
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bacteria spreads to other organs such as the liver, kidneys, meninges, and bone.
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If the tubercle breaks and spreads o other organs, the tuberculosis is now called ___
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miliary tuberculosis
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Tubercle bacilli produce no toxins, but there is such rapid growth that the tissues are literally consumed, a factor that gave tuberculosis its alternate name, ____
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consumption
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What test is used for tuberculosis?
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PPD test
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What does PPD stand for?
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purified protein derivative test
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MDR-TB is a new threat. why?
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It is multi-drug resistant
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What do you treat tuberculosis with?
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isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol
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Pneumonia is a microbial disease of the _____ and ____
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bronchial tubes and lungs
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Over 80% of bacterial cases are due to 80 different strains of ______
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, a G+ encapsulated diplococci
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describe streptococcus pneumoniae
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G+ encapsulated diplococci
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How is pneumococcal pneumonia transmitted?
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transmitted by airborne droplets
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What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?
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fever, fatigue, dry, hacking cough
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Who is affected by penumococcal pneumonia?
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only compromised affected- elderly, malnourished, smokers, viral-infected, immune-suppressed
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Why is penumococcal pneumonia a secondary disease?
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only compromised affected
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What is one of the smallest bacteria to cause human disease?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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What is the causing agent of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no ____
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cell wall
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no cell wall. It is ____; that is, they assume a variety of shapes
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pleomorphic
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Primary Atypical Pneumonia is a primary disease because ___
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it occurs in healthy ppl
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What are the symptoms of Primary Atypical Pneumonia?
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Fever, dry hacking cough, fatigue
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Pathogenicity- it attaches to and destorys ____
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ciliated cells lining respiratory tract
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Where are epidemics of primary atypical pneumonia usually found?
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in crowded places
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What is primary atypical pneumonia treated with and not treated with?
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treated with erythromycin, tetracycline (blocks protein synthesis), but not penicillin because no cell wall (no peptidoglycan synthesis)
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What are primary atypical pneumonia's symptoms similar with?
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psittacosis
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psittacosis is caused by?
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(Chlamydiae psittaci)
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What is the bird disease transmissible to humans through dried droppings/dust?
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psittacosis (Chlamydiae psittaci)
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In 1976, there was an outbreak amongst Legionnaires at a conference in Philadelphia. 34 ppl died. Legionnaire's Disease is caused by what?
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Legionella pneumophila, G- rod
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Legionella pneumophila exists where?
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exists where water collects- air conditioners, puddles, humidifiers.
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How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted?
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aerosolized droplets into the respiratory tract. person-to-person transmission is uncommon
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What are the symptoms of Legionella pneumophila?
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Fever, dry cough, diarrhea and vomiting
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What do you treat a patient with Legionella pneumophila with?
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erythromycin
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What do you treat a water source with LEgionella pneumophila with?
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chlorine or heat
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Legionella cannot exist in water alone (fastidious). It actually grows inside _____
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waterborne protozoa (like a parasite)
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What are the three ways to prevent airborne diseaseS?
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1) Eradication or control of source
2) Block access of pathogen to susceptible individuals 3) vaccination |
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2 pts about eradication or control of source:
1) _____of contaminated materials 2) ____of patients |
disposal
confinement |
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2 pts of blocking access of pathogen to susceptible individuals.
1) Wear ___and ____ 2) Employ ______ and other therapies to reduce coughing and sneezing |
masks and goggles
antimicrobial therapies |