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57 Cards in this Set
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Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
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Streptococcal Disease
Diphtheria Pertussis Meningitis |
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Streptococcal Disease
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can be mild to severe
divided into 2 groups (based on how they affect sheep red blood cells) - alpha-hemolytic - beta-hemolytic *also can be classified according to variants of a carbohydrate in cell wall |
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat)
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S. pyogenes
enters upper respiratory tract through respiratory droplets *some patients with strep develop scarlet fever (rash caused by erythrogenic exotoxins) most common species |
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Post Streptococcal Diseases
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those that follow infections with the Group A streptococcus.
occur weeks later |
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Rheumatic Fever
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affects the joints of the heart (rheumatic heart disease)
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Acute Glomerulonephritus
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inflammatory response to M proteins (may lead to renal damage)
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Diphtheria
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life threating illness
infection of the throat caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae C. diphtheriae bacilli remain in clumps after multiplying forming a palisade layer acquired by respiratory droplet transimssion "diphtheria" - leather like membrane |
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Erysipelas
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strept disease in open wounds and skin abrasions
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Necrotizing fasciitis
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"flesh eating bacteria"
fascia surrounding muscle tissue is rapidly degenerated |
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Puerperal sepsis
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childhood fever (semmelweiss)
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Pertussis
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Whooping Cough
highly contagious caused by Bordatella pertussis spread by respiratory droplet transmission toxin paralyzes ciliated cells in the respiratory tract symptoms: - coughs - inhilation of breath sounds like a "whoop" |
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Meningitis
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the meninges are 3 membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
caused by various bacterial species Neisseria meningitides - causes meningococcal meningitis (spread by person to person transfer of lg. droplet respiratory secretions) in young children it can cause Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (hormone imbalance) Streptococcus pneumoniae - causes pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia Haemophilus influenzae type b - causes Haemophilus meningitis All 3 cross the blood stream barrier inflaming the meninges (which causes pressure on brain and spinal cord) disease can cause: - deafness - blindness - paralysis - if untreated --> coma or death |
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Diseases of Lower Respiratory Tract
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Tuberculosis
Pneumococcal Pneumonia Primary Atypical Pneumonia Other Pnumonias Legionnairs's Disease Q fever |
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Tuberculosis
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major cause of death world wide (2 mill/ year)
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculsis enters resp. tract in small aerosolized droplets Latent TB - ppl carry and dont develop symptoms Clinical TB - develops within 3 months & can be transmitted to others. macrophages accumulate in lung - forms a tubercle that harbors M. tuberculosis. if tubercle breaks apart the bacteria spreads throughout body Mantoux test - used for early TB exposure tuberculin reaction) |
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"Typical" Pneumonia
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caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (80%)
acquired by aerosolized droplet or contact Pneumococcal pneumonia can involve - lobar pneumonia (entire lung lobe) - double pneumonia (both lungs) - bronchopneumonia (patches in respiratory passage ways) Haemophilus influenzae - can cause "typical" pneumonia or otitis media sinustis Staphylooccus aureus - common hospital acquired from of pneumonia - may result in necrotizing pneumonia Klebsiella pneumoniae - primary or secondary infection in ppl with impaired pulmonary function |
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"Atypical" Pneumonia
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caused by:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae - (waling pneumonia) caused by atypical pneumonia. can survive penicillin b/c it has no cell wall cold agglutinin screening test (CAST) - used to assist diagnosis Legionella pneumnophila - causes Legionnaires disease lives where water collects and becomes airborne in the wind develops within a week of inhalation also causes Pontiac fever (influenza like infection) |
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Rickettsiae's that cause Pneumonia
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Coxiella burnetii - causes Q fever (disease of livestock)
acquired by consuming contaminated raw or improperly pasteurized milk |
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Chlamydiae's that cause Pneumonia
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Chlamydia psittaci -(bird disease) causes psittacosis (aka ornithosis)
zoonotic disease humans catch from birds Chlamydia pneumoniae - causes chlamydial pneumonia infects lower lobes of lungs |
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Intoxications
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illnesses in which bacterial toxins are ingested with food and water
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Infections
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illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body
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incubation period
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time b/w consumption of contaminated material
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clinical symptoms
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nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting etc
all depends on the toxin of microbe and the infectious dose |
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Contamination ways
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improper slaughter
washed with contaminated water - being handled by infected humans (oral, fecal route) improperly stored foods |
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Foodborne and Waterborne Intoxications
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Staphyococcal Food Poisoning
Clostridial Food Poisoning Botulism |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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causes staphylococcal food poisoning
toxins are often consumed in protein-rich foods (meat, fish, dairy) incubation: 1-6 hours heat resistant: grows 8 C-45 C salt tolerant Food is often contaminated by - boils/abscesses on handlers skin - sneezing symptoms: abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting (last for several hours) Mannitol Positive (grows on salt plate) |
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Clostridium perfringens
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causes clostridial food poisoning
commonly contaminated meat, poultry and fish incubation time: 8-24 hours gram + anaerobic spore forming |
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Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism
attacks nervous system most powerful neurotoxin in world (deadly) death is caused within 2 days of symptoms onset by respiratory paralysis 7 strains/types based on toxin acetylcholine inhibiting (w/o muscles cant contract --> respiratory paralysis destroyed easy by heat symptoms: weakness, blurred vision, speech difficulties, swallowing problems, cardiac arrest, respiratory paralysis, death most related to home-canned foods Wound Botulism - occurs when a wound is infected with C. botulinum Infant Botulism - "floppy baby syndrome" occurs when infant fed honey Fodder disease - botulism in animals (Limberneck - botulism in fowl) |
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Foodborne and Waterborne Infections
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Typhoid Fever
Salmonellosis Shigellosis Cholera E. coli diarrhea Peptic Ulcer Disease Campylobacteriosis Listeriosis Brucellosis |
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Typhoid Fever
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caused by Salmonella enterica sterotype Typhi (S. Typhi)
"slate wiper" S. Typhi is transmitted by 5 F's: -Flies -Food -Fingers -Feces -Fomites symptoms: rose spots, high fever, delirium S. Typhi is acid resistant (passes from stomach --> small intestine --> ulcers) |
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Salmonellosis
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caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis or Typhimurium
#1 most reported incubation period: 6-48 hours often found in unpasteurized milk or poultry products transmitted by live animals |
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Difference b/w salmonella and staph
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incubation time
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Shigellosis
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bacterial dysentery
occurs where sanitary lack caused by Shigella sonnei in contaminated foods (eggs, vegetables, shellfish, dairy) symptoms: diarrhea, waves of abdominal cramps produces toxin=shiga toxin (triggers gastroenteritis) |
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Cholera
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caused by Vibro cholerae
deadly/extreme diarrhea susceptible to stomach acid cant retain fluid blood thickens --> slow blood to brain --> brain damage --> death easily preventable with good sanitation causes unrelenting loss of fluid |
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E. coli
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Escherichia coli
found in human intestine transmission: fecal-oral route #1 cause of infantile diarrhea Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) - travelers diarrhea produces toxin that causes gastroenteritis symptoms within 2 weeks Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) - infantile diarrhea infected during birthing process grow pink on plate Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) - most common transmitted by undercooked beef unpasteurized milk, juice, lettuce, salami leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) grow white on plate |
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
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involving kidneys
associated with seizures, coma, liver disorders, and heart and muscle disorders |
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Gastric Ulcer
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Helicobacter pylori
produce urease (produces ammonia- which neutralizes stomach acid) the ammonia and H. pylori cytotoxin destroy mucous membranes --> create sores urea breath test used to detect presence |
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Campylobacteriosis
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result from consumption of contaminated poultry or dairy
most common cause of gastroenteritis caused by campylobacter jejuni transmission: fecal-oral route incubation period: 2-7 days |
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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is a rare nervous system disease (that may develop from campylobacteriosis)
the immune system attacks your body's nerves --> paralysis (temporary) |
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Listeriosis
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manifests as Meningoencephalitis or Septicemia
caused by Listeria manocytogenes transmission: food with contaminated feces, contaminated animal products (cheese) usually affect pregnant women/elderly/immnocompromised Meningoencephalitis -headaches -stiff neck -delirium -coma Septicemia -blood disease involving high numbers of infected monocytes -in preg. women --> miscarriage |
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Brucellosis
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caused by Brucella
affects ppl who work with animals infection can occur through eyes, abrasions, or consumption on contaminated dairy zoonotic undulant fever : low fever at night, drenching sweat at day goes to spleen and lymph nodes |
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Vibro parahaemolyticus
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common with lg amounts of seafood are consumed
major prob in Japan |
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Vibrio vulnificus
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transmitted by oysters and clams
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Bacillus cereus
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cooked rice
can cause diarrhea or vomiting |
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Plesiomioas shigelloides
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causes intestinal illness
from eating raw seafood - gut of raw sea food tropical (asia, africa) |
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Aeromonas hydrophila
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cause both cholera like and dysentery like diarrheas
found in soil/water transmitted by food |
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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transmitted by consuming food that came in contact with infected animals or raw pork
abdominal pain, fever |
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Sexually transmitted Diseases
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Syphilis
Gonorrhea Chlamydia Chancroid Ureaplasma urethritis Lesser known STD's |
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Syphilis
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chronic, infectious disease
caused by Treponema pallodium spirochete "the great pox" can be passed from mother to child Primary: characterized by a lesion, purple ulcer (heal in 2-3 weeks, but infection still there) Secondary: fever, skin rash, swollen lymph nodes Latent stage: 3-30 yrs follows in which relapses of secondary syphilis occur Tertiary: formation of gummas (non infectious granular lesions) : --> bursting blood vessels --> degeneration of spinal cord --> brain damage (insanity) Congenital: occur in fetus --> stillbirth, birth defects (Huchinson's) screening tests: VDRL, RPR confirmation tests (uses purified antigen): Fluorescent Anitbody Tests, Hemagglutination Test |
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Gonorrhea
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2nd most common
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae affects the: - reproductive organs - pharynx - Rectum - Eyes gonococcal opthalmia - contracted by infants during birth --> blindness symptoms: Females: PID Sterility Ectopic pregnancy Salpingitis (blockage of fallopian tubes Asymptomatic Males: tingling of penis painful urination penile discharge swollen lymph nodes painful testicles sterility Diagnosis - gram stain of pus smears - lab cultivation on Thayer-Martin media - immunoassay (dip swab in antibody solution) - beta-lactasmase test for resistance to penicillin Treatment: Tetracycline, Ceftriaxone |
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Chlamydia
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caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
most common non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) 85-90 = asymptomatic C. trachomatis cannot make its own ATP and must rely on host cell for energy 2 Phases: 1. infectious elementary body 2. noninfectious reticulate body can cause salpingitis can cause PID watery discharge can occur in pharynx, anus chlamydial ophthalmia - contracted by infants during birth Diagnosis: fluorescent antibody test, DNA analysis |
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Trachoma
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disease of eye
Non STD by personal contact |
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Ureaplasmal Urethritis
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and NGU caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum
produces mild symptoms smallest known bacteria organs affected: urethra, fallopian tubes, epididymis painful urination, discharge, salpingitis, infertility, spontanious abortion treatment: tetracycline |
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Chancroid
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caused by Haemophilius ducreyi
causes painful ulcers common low heath standards, tropical climates papule forms at entry --> fills with pus --> breaks down --> painful, bleeding ulcer |
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Lymphogranuloma venerium (JGV)
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caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
common in southeast asia, central and south america |
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Granuloma
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caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
bleeding ulcer, swollen lymph nodes (groin) anal intercourse most frequent route of infection |
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Vaginitis
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mild infection of vagina/vulva
casued by Gardnerella vaginalis |
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Mycoplasmal urethritis
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caused by Mycoplasma hominis
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