Lecture 10: Self/attitudes

Front 1

Social Comparison Theory (festinger)

Back 1

We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing to others

1) when do you engage in comparison?
2) who do you compare yourself against?

Front 2

When do you engage?

Back 2

When there is no objective standard to measure yourself and you feel unsure about yourself

Front 3

Who do you compare yourself to?

Back 3

those roughly comparable to us because we are interested in accurate self perception

Front 4

Upward Social Comparison

Back 4

To know how high we can go we compare ourselves to the best

Front 5

Downward social comparison

Back 5

comparing to worse people to make us feel better about our current position

Front 6

Lau and Russel sports and attribution (Biased Attributions)

Back 6

--newspaper quotes from winners and losers (football, baseball)
--coded players’ and managers’ explanations for outcome
--winners: internal 80%
--losers: internal 53%
--effect might be greater if we could look at private explanations.
--these were public statements--people don’t want to look like bad sports

Front 7

Tesser Self evaluation maintenance (maintaining self esteem through comparison)

How do we deal with others doing better?

Back 7

Closeness: how close are they? family or friends? If they aren't close, doesn't matter

Self Relevance: How connected is the area to your ego?
he beat me in basketball but he's michael jordan, who cares?

Front 8

Reactions to something being too close and relevant

Back 8

reduce closeness to other person

- shes been doing this way longer

reduce relevance

- grades aren't the only things that matter

attempt to change the performance outcome

- I'm gonna work harder to do better

Front 9

Friends doing well

Back 9

may try to sabotage friends

Tesser and Smith
password game: easy or hard clues

Depends on how well you do, and how relevant it is.
If they did poorly

gave friends hard clues

Front 10

Close Relationships

Back 10

Romantic relationships and Marriages

people are better able to BIRG when their partner does well

They consider either partners achievement to be everyones achievement

Front 11

Self Handicapping

Back 11

Helps avoid negative internal attributions
Simply don't try
don't sleep

if we do well despite this, it increase our feelings of intelligence

Front 12

Berglas and Jones (bogus intelligence test)

Back 12

analogies for words are either easy or impossible

subjects all told they did well
those with impossible don't believe it and say it must've been an external thing (luck)

those with easy analogies believe it must be because they're smart

Front 13

Second bogus intelligence test (stupid or smart drug)

Back 13

one drug impairs performance one enhances it.

Impossible drug was picked by the impossible group
built in excuse for doing poorly

Easy were more likely to pick enhancing drug
Felt they were already smart, why not be smarter?

Front 14

Self Verification

Back 14

We don't always want to be the best, sometimes we just want our view points of ourselves enhanced whether positive or negative views.

Front 15

Self verification conditions

Back 15

We have to believe strongly in who we are to want to verify. We also must anticipate we will interact with them in the future

Front 16

Nature and Origin of attitudes

Back 16

People are not neutral observers of the world

they evaluate what they encounter and form attitudes

Front 17

Attitudes

Back 17

Evaluations of people, objects, and ideas

Front 18

Components of attitudes

Back 18

Affect: how do we feel about something?

Cognitions: logic, how does it work? well?

Behavior: How do I behave towards the object

Front 19

Where do attitudes come from?

Back 19

genes influence our attitudes

identical twins more likely to have similar attitudes than fraternal twins

Front 20

Affective precursors (where they come from)

Classical conditioning

Back 20

Pair a neutral object (spoon) with an emotional object (food)

neutral object takes on reaction to emotional

Front 21

Razran 1940 odors and slogans

Back 21

we like a slogan more when it's accompanied by a good odor and or a free lunch than with a bad odor.

advertising uses sex to sell things

Front 22

Operant conditioning and advertising

Back 22

Behavior is directly rewarded or punished

(if you get this beer you'll have women)

Front 23

Insko operant conditioning aloha week "good"

Back 23

People give their ratings of aloha week

good was always said to a positive thing, or always said for a negative thing

one week later people reflected the opinions that good had been said to

(good was the reward)

Front 24

Zajonc Mere exposure effect

Back 24

People repeatedly exposed to a chinese symbol who didn't speak chinese

eventually they liked that symbol

Front 25

Socialization and modeling (operant conditioning)

Back 25

Socialization is operant conditioning: you are rewarded or punished for obeying or disobeying society

Modeling: following examples of others

Front 26

Self Perception (operant conditioning)

Back 26

People believe that a reward given reflects their attitude

1 vs 20 dollars (festinger)

Front 27

La Piere 1934 Attitudes don't show us who we are

Back 27

people perceive attitudes as telling us why we behave a certain way

went across the country with asian group in 1930's
99% of restaurants served them. Only one refused to serve them. Only one said they would serve an asian.

Front 28

framing effects (measurement problems)

Back 28

Saying pro life is better than saying anti choice. the way people frames things effects their view points.

Front 29

Order effects (measurement problems)

Back 29

If you ask someone about traditional values before a question on abortion they may be more likely to be pro life.

Front 30

Response options (measurement)

Back 30

giving someone limited response options causes them to choose a neutral option

Front 31

Willing and Able problems

Back 31

maybe unwilling unable or unaware of their attitudes

Front 32

Solutions to willing and able

Back 32

IAT (subconscious test)

Physiological measures
Facial emg, electro physiology.

Front 33

Explicit Attitudes

Back 33

attitudes we consciously endorse

Front 34

Implicit attitudes

Back 34

attitudes that are involuntary

Front 35

biased attention

Back 35

pay attention to what we agree with

Front 36

biased memory

Back 36

remember what fits our views

Front 37

biased processing

Back 37

dismiss what disagrees with us and agree with what does