Lecom - Neuroanatomy 12: Brainstem I: Surface Anatomy And Cranial Nerves

Front 1

The brainstem sits between which 2 junctions?

Back 1

midbrain-diencephalic junction and cervicomedullary junction

Front 2

The tectum (roof) of the midbrain is formed by ...

Back 2

superior and inferior colliculi

Front 3

The interpeduncular fossa sits on which surface of the midbrain (ventral, dorsal, rostral, caudal etc.)

Back 3

ventral surface of midbrain has the cerebral peduncles

Front 4

Major anatomical difference between the rostral and caudal medulla

Back 4

In the rostal medulla, the inferior olivary nuclei can be seen just lateral to te pyramids. In the caudal medulla, the inferior olivary nuclei can no longer be seen, but the posterior columns and posterior column nuclei are visicle on the dorsal surface

Front 5

What is the obex?

Back 5

the lower limit of the 4th ventricle; marks entry into the spinal cord central canal (normally closed in adults)

Front 6

CN 2 transmits light from the retina to the ...

Back 6

lateral geniculate body of thalamus

Front 7

CN 4 arises from ...

Back 7

dorsal midbrain

Front 8

CN 5 arises from ...

Back 8

pons

Front 9

CN 1 enters the skull through which foramen?

Back 9

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Front 10

CN 2 enters the skull through which foramen?

Back 10

optic canal

Front 11

CN V2 exits the skull via which foramen?

Back 11

foramen rotundum

Front 12

CN V3 exits the skull via which foramen?

Back 12

foramen ovale

Front 13

CN 7 and 8 exit the cranial cavity via which foramen?

Back 13

internal auditory meatus

Front 14

CN 7 exits the skull via which foramen?

Back 14

stylomastoid foramen

Front 15

CN 9, 10, 11 exit the skull via which foramen?

Back 15

jugular foramen

Front 16

CN 12 exits the skull via which foramen?

Back 16

hypoglossal canal

Front 17

CN 3, 4, V1, 6 exit the skull via which foramen?

Back 17

superior orbital fissure

Front 18

CN 11 cervical branches enter the skull via which foramen?

Back 18

foramen magnum

Front 19

3 motor columns of cranial nerves

Back 19

Branchial (SVE), parasympathetic (GVE) and somatic (GSE) motor columns

Front 20

3 sensory columns of cranial nerves

Back 20

Special somatic (SSA), general somatic (GSA), Visceral (SVA) sensory columns

Front 21

Which cranial nerves are found in the Somatic motor column?

Back 21

3, 4, 6, 12

Front 22

Which cranial nerves are found in the Branchial motor column?

Back 22

5, 7, 9, 10, 11

Front 23

Which cranial nerves are found in the Parasympathetic motor column?

Back 23

3, 7, 9, 10

Front 24

Which cranial nerves are found in the General somatic sensory column?

Back 24

5, 7, 9, 10 (trigeminal nucleus)

Front 25

The trigeminal nucleus has which cranial nerve fibers

Back 25

5, 7, 9, 10 sensory fibers

Front 26

Which cranial nerves are found in the Visceral sensory column?

Back 26

7, 9, 10 (taste and visceral afferents)- nucleus solitarus

Front 27

Which cranial nerves are found in the Special somatic sensory column?

Back 27

CN 8 for hearing (cochlear and vestibular nuclei)

Front 28

Nucleus ambiguous contains what cranial nerve fibers?

Back 28

9, 10 motor fibers

Front 29

Nucleus solitarus contains what cranial nerve fibers?

Back 29

7, 9, 10 sensory

Front 30

Trigeminal Nucleus contains what cranial nerve fibers?

Back 30

5, 7, 9, 10 sensory

Front 31

The somatic motor nuclei are derived embryologically from ________

Back 31

occiptal somites

Front 32

Brainstem Exit: CN I

Back 32

Telencephalon

Front 33

Brainstem Exit: CN II

Back 33

Diencephalon

Front 34

Brainstem Exit: CN III

Back 34

ventrally from interpenduncular fossa

Front 35

Brainstem Exit: CN IV

Back 35

dorsal midbrain from the inferior tectum

Front 36

Brainstem Exit: CN V

Back 36

ventrolateral pons

Front 37

Brainstem Exit: CN VI

Back 37

ventrally at pontomedullary junction

Front 38

Brainstem Exit: CN VII

Back 38

cerebellopontine angle

Front 39

Brainstem Exit: CN VIII

Back 39

cerebellopontine angle

Front 40

Brainstem Exit: CN IX

Back 40

cerebellopontine angle

Front 41

Brainstem Exit: CN X

Back 41

Medulla (posterior to inferior olive)

Front 42

Brainstem Exit: CN XI

Back 42

Medulla; arises laterally from multiple rootlets in the cervical spine

Front 43

Brainstem Exit: CN XII

Back 43

Medulla (between pyramids and inferior olivary nuclei)

Front 44

Function: Ciliary ganglion

Back 44

parasympathetic to iris and ciliary muscle (CN III)

Front 45

Function: Trigeminal ganglion (semilunar or gasserian ganglion)

Back 45

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for sensation in the face, mouth, sinuses, and supratentorial meninges (CN V)

Front 46

Function: Sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion:

Back 46

Parasympathetics to lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa (CN VII)

Front 47

Function: Submandibular ganglion

Back 47

Parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (CN VII)

Front 48

Function: Geniculate ganglion

Back 48

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for taste sensation in the anterior 2/3 of tongue, and for sensation near outer ear (CN VII)

Front 49

Function: Spiral ganglion

Back 49

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for hearing (CN VIII)

Front 50

Function: Scarpa's vestibular ganglion

Back 50

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for vestibular sensation (CN VIII)

Front 51

Function: Otic ganglion

Back 51

Parasympathetics to parotid gland (CN IX

Front 52

Function: Superior (jugular) glossopharyngeal ganglion

Back 52

Primary sesory neuron cell bodies for sensation from middle ear, external auditory meatus, pharynx, and posterior 1/3 tongue (CN IX)

Front 53

Function: Inferior (petrosal) glossopharyngeal ganglion

Back 53

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for sensation from middle ear, external auditory meatus, pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue, for taste posterior tongue, and for carotid inputs (CN IX)

Front 54

Function: Parasympathetic ganglia in end organs

Back 54

parasympathetics to heart, lungs, digestive tract to level of splenic flexure (CN X)

Front 55

Function: Superior (jugular) vagal ganglion

Back 55

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for sensation from pharynx, outer ear, and infratentorial meninges (CN X)

Front 56

Function: Inferior (nodose) vagal ganglion

Back 56

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies for laryngeal sensation, for taste from epiglottis, and for reflex inputs from aortic arch receptors and other thoracoabdominal viscera (CN X)

Front 57

Function CN I

Back 57

olfaction

Front 58

Function CN II

Back 58

vision

Front 59

Function CN III

Back 59

-levator palpebrae superior and all extraocular muscles, excpet for superior oblique and lateral rectus
-Parasympathetics to pupil constrictor and ciliary muscles for near vision

Front 60

Function CN IV

Back 60

Superior oblique muscle; causes depression and intorsion of the eye

Front 61

Function CN V

Back 61

-Sensations of pain, touch, temperature, joint position, and vibration for the face, mouth, anterior 2/3 tongue, nasal sinuses, and meninges
-Muscles of mastication and tensor tympani muscle

Front 62

Function CN VI

Back 62

Lateral rectus muscle; causes abduction of the eye

Front 63

Function CN VII

Back 63

-Muscles of facial expression, stapedius muscle, and part of digastric muscle
-Parasympathetics to lacrimal glands, and to sublingual, submandibular, and all other salivary glands except parotid
-Taste anterior 2/3 tongue
-Sensation from a small region near the external auditory meatus

Front 64

Function CN VIII

Back 64

Hearing and vestibular sensation

Front 65

Function CN IX

Back 65

-Stylopharyngeus muscle
-Parasympathetics to parotid gland
-Sensation from middle ear, region near external auditory meatus, pharynx, and posterior 1/3 tongue
-Taste posterior 1/3 tongue
-Chemo- and baroreceptors of carotid body

Front 66

Function CN X

Back 66

-Pharyngeal muscles (swallowing) and laryngeal muscles (voice box)
-Parasympathetics to heart, lungs, and digestive tract down to splenic flexure
-Sensation from pharynx, meninges, and a small region near the external auditory meatus
-Taste from epiglottis and pharynx
-Chemo- and baroreceptors of aortic arch

Front 67

Function CN XI

Back 67

Sternomastoid and upper part of trapezius muscle

Front 68

Function CN XII

Back 68

Intrinsic muscle tongue

Front 69

What is anosmia?

Back 69

inability to smell, CN1 damage

Front 70

Unilateral vs. bilateral anosmia

Back 70

Patients are ofte unaware of unilateral because olfaction in the contralateral nostril can compensate; patients are aware of bilateral anosmia and often after a decreased sense of taste

Front 71

Causes of anosmia

Back 71

head trauma, viral infections, obstruction of the nasal pathway, neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's); intracranial lesions that occur at the base of frontal lobes (meningioma, metastases, basal meningitis, sarcoidosis)

Front 72

Foster Kennedry Syndrome

Back 72

anosmia together with optic atrophy in one eye (caused by ipsilateral tumor compression) and papilledema in the other eye (caused by elevated intracranial pressure)

Front 73

A patient presents with a blown pupil. Which cranial nerve tract is most likely blown?

Back 73

parasympathetic motor tract containing CN3 parasympathetic from Edinger-Westfall nucleus

Front 74

Location: CN III nuclei

Back 74

midbrain

Front 75

Location: CN IV nuclei

Back 75

midbrain

Front 76

Location: CN VI nucei

Back 76

pons

Front 77

Once CN3, 4, 6 leave their origins, how do they all get to the extra-occular eye muscles?

Back 77

cavernous sinus, then exit superior orbital fissure

Front 78

Describe the path of the parasympathetic from CN3 to the eye.

Back 78

From the Edinger-Westfall nucleus > out interpeduncular fossa> through superior orbital fissure> parasympathetic to the ciliary ganglion where they synapse on postganglionic neurons > pupillary constrictor muscles and ciliary muscle

Front 79

CN 3 parasympathetic preganglionics are located ...

Back 79

in the Edinger-Westfall nucleus of the superior colliculi

Front 80

CN 3 sympathetic preganglionics are located ...

Back 80

in the IML of T1-T4 spinal cord

Front 81

CN 3 sympathetic postganglionics are located ...

Back 81

in the superior cervical ganglion of the paravertebral column

Front 82

Three divisions of trigeminal

Back 82

V1: opthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular

Front 83

Pathway trigeminal nerve:

Back 83

exits the brainstem from the ventrolateral pons --> enters a small fossa just posterior and inferolateral to the cavernous sinus called Meckel's cave (location of trigeminal nucleus) --> division into V1, V2, and V3

Front 84

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?

Back 84

Meckel's cave

Front 85

The trigeminal nucleus relays sensory information to what part of the thalamus?

Back 85

VPM

Front 86

Tensor tympani is innervated by which CN?

Back 86

V3

Front 87

Sensory Modalities: Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus

Back 87

Proprioception

Front 88

Sensory Modalities: Chief trigeminal sensory nucleus

Back 88

fine touch; dental pressure

Front 89

Sensory Modalities: Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Back 89

crude touch; pain; temperature

Front 90

Location: Cheif trigeminal sensory nucleus

Back 90

lateral pons

Front 91

Location: Spinal trigeminal nucleus

Back 91

lateral pons and medulla, extending down to the upper cervical spine

Front 92

The Spinal Trigeminal Tract is analogous to

Back 92

Lissauer's Tract

Front 93

The trieminothalamic tract is analogous to

Back 93

Spinothalamic tract

Front 94

Somatotropic organization of spinal trigeminal tract

Back 94

mandibular division dorsally, the opthalmic division ventrally, and the maxillary division in between

Front 95

Location: mesencephalic nucleus and tract

Back 95

runs along the lateral edge of the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain

Front 96

What is the only case in which the primary sensory neurons lie within the CNS instead of the peripheral ganglia?

Back 96

Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

Front 97

A unilateral upper motor lesion of the corticobulbar tract leads to what deficits?

Back 97

none, upper motor control is bilateral to the trigeminal motor nucleus

Front 98

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

Back 98

tic douloureux; severe pain from non-painful stimuli

Front 99

A lesion in the trigeminal sensory nucleus leads to sensation loss where?

Back 99

ipsilateral pain and temperature sensation loss; the trigeminal nuclei have not crossed

Front 100

Lesions of the trigeminal nucleus in the pons often cause damage to what other tract?

Back 100

spinothalamic (anterolateral)

Front 101

Parasympathetics from the facial nerve travel to the geniculate ganglion via what nerve?

Back 101

nervus intermedius

Front 102

Where is the facial nucleus located?

Back 102

in the branchial motor column, more caudally in the pons than the trigeminal motor nucleus

Front 103

Facial colliculus

Back 103

elevated area located on the dorsal pons in the floor of the 4th ventricle. It is formed by fibers from the motor nucleus of the facial nerve as they loop over the abducens nucleus.

Front 104

Upper motor neuron lesions of the corticobulbar tract lead to what deficits?

Back 104

loss of contralateral face movement; forehead spared

Front 105

The facial nerve enters the internal auditory meatus with what other nerve?

Back 105

CN VIII

Front 106

Geniculate ganglion

Back 106

lies in the genu and contains primary sensory neurons for taste sensation in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and for general somatic sensation in a region near the external auditory meatus

Front 107

Innervation: Tensor Tympani

Back 107

Trigeminal

Front 108

Innervation: Stapedius

Back 108

Facial Nerve

Front 109

The chorda tympani joins the ____ nerve to reach the ____ ganglion, where postganglionic parasympathetics arise to supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Back 109

lingual nerve; submandibular ganglion

Front 110

The majority of saliva production is in which glands?

Back 110

submandibular

Front 111

Facial nerve parasympathetic pre-ganglionics are found where?

Back 111

superior salivatory nucleus

Front 112

After the geniculate ganglion, CN7 pre-ganglionic parasympathetics travel via which nerve?

Back 112

greater petrossal nerve

Front 113

Facial nerve parasympathetic post-ganglionics are found where?

Back 113

(pterygopalatine) sphenopalatine ganglion

Front 114

Facial nerve exits the skull through the ...

Back 114

stylomastoid foramen

Front 115

Nerve to stapedius is innervated by which cranial nerve?

Back 115

CN7

Front 116

A patient with hyperacusis and decreased tear production most likely has a lesion within which cranial nerve?

Back 116

CN7 (facial) controls the lacrimal gland with parasympathetics and the nerve to stapedius to prevent hyperacusis; perhaps this is a Bell's Palsy

Front 117

How does the facial nerve sense taste?

Back 117

chorda tympani/lingual nerve transmit taste to the VPM of thalamus

Front 118

The submandibular ganglion receives pre-ganglionic parasympathetics from which nerve?

Back 118

facial nerve > lingual nerve

Front 119

Cranial nerve parasympathetics travel with what fibers in the brain?

Back 119

branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, V3)

Front 120

Lingual nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?

Back 120

V3

Front 121

A patient presents with full right sided face paralysis. Where is the lesion?

Back 121

left upper motor neuron/lateral motor cortex

Front 122

The presence of hand weakness, sensory loss, dysarthria, or aphasia suggest an (upper/lower) motor neuron lesion

Back 122

upper

Front 123

Crocodile tears

Back 123

Aberrent regeneration of parasympathetic fibers in which patients experience lacrimation instead of salivation

Front 124

Corneal reflex afferent limb ...

Back 124

CN V1 (ophthalmic)

Front 125

Corneal reflex efferent limb ...

Back 125

CN 7

Front 126

Eye blink reflex afferent limb...

Back 126

CN 2

Front 127

Eye blink reflex efferent limb...

Back 127

CN 3

Front 128

jaw jerk reflex

Back 128

monosynaptic pathway - mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus

Front 129

How does sound get processed. Start with the tympanic membrane.

Back 129

Tympanic membrane > malleus > incus > stapes > oval window > cochlea > scala tympani/vestibuli > round window > spiral ganglion > cochlear nuclei > inferior colliculi > medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus > auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus)

Front 130

The superior olivary nucleus receives neurons from ...

Back 130

ventral cochlear nuclei

Front 131

Where is the primary auditory complex found?

Back 131

Heschl's transverse gyrus

Front 132

In the cochlea, hair cells are found in (endolymph or perilymph)?

Back 132

endolymph

Front 133

The hair cells nearest the oval window hear (high or low frequencies)?

Back 133

high frequencies are heard in the early cochlea

Front 134

Hair cells in the vestibular system are found in what structure?

Back 134

crista ampullaris

Front 135

The medial longitudinal fasciculus connects which 4 cranial nerve nuclei?

Back 135

3, 4, 6, 8

Front 136

Brodman's Area 41

Back 136

primary auditory cortex (Heschl's transverse gyri)

Front 137

Testing conduction of sound through bone and air is called the ____ test.

Back 137

RInne

Front 138

Testing conduction of sound through to each ear simultaneously is called the ____ test.

Back 138

Weber

Front 139

Sound is heard better through (air or bone) conduction?

Back 139

air

Front 140

An acoustic neuroma is a tumor what cells?

Back 140

Schwann cells on CN8 > leads to hearing loss, tinnitus and unsteadiness

Front 141

What is true vertigo?

Back 141

room spinning due to vestibular problems (PNS or CNS)

Front 142

Vertigo caused by CNS problems will show what result in a Dix-Hallpike test?

Back 142

immediate vertigo when semicircular canal is stimulated

Front 143

Vertigo caused by PNS problems will show what result in a Dix-Hallpike test?

Back 143

delayed vertigo when semicircular canal is stimulated

Front 144

what fills the body labyrinth

Back 144

perilymph

Front 145

what fills the membranous labyrinth

Back 145

endolymph

Front 146

what comprises the membranous labyrinth

Back 146

cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals

Front 147

path of vibration in the ear

Back 147

oval window-scalavestibuli-cochlea/cochlear duct (scala media)-scala tympani-round window

Front 148

where mechanoreceptor cilia on hair cells are activated by movement of the basilar membrane relative to the stiff tectorial membrane.... these neurons have their cel bodies in the spiral ganglion

Back 148

cochlear duct (scala media(

Front 149

hair cells of cochlea + supporting cells =

Back 149

organ of corti

Front 150

detects angular acceleration

Back 150

ampullae of the semicircular canals

Front 151

detects linear acceleration

Back 151

maculae of the otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

Front 152

receives input from the posterior saccule and posterior semicircular canal

Back 152

inferior vestibular ganglion

Front 153

receives input from the utricle, anterior saccule, and anterior and lateral semicircular canals

Back 153

superior vestibular ganglion

Front 154

where do the four vestibular nuclei lie

Back 154

lateral floor of 4th ventricle in pons and rostral medulla

Front 155

which vestibular spinal tract extends throughout the length of the spinal cord and is important in maintaining balance and extensor tone

Back 155

lateral vestibular nucleus

Front 156

which vestibular spinal tract extends to only the cervical spine and is important for head and neck position

Back 156

medial vestibular nucleus

Front 157

what does the inferior vestibular nucleus look like on myelin stain

Back 157

checkerboard

Front 158

what is the pathway that connects the nuclei involved in eye movements to each other and to the vestibular nuclei

Back 158

medial longitudinal fasciculus

Front 159

hearing loss caused by disorders of the cochlea or CNVIII

Back 159

sensorineural hearing loss

Front 160

hearing loss caused by abnormalities of the external auditory canal or middle ear

Back 160

conductive hearing loss

Front 161

in this type of hearing loss, bone conduction is greater than air conduction

Back 161

conductive hearing loss

Front 162

in this type of hearing loss, air conduction is greater than bone conduction, however, hearing is decreased in the affected ear

Back 162

sensorineural hearing lost

Front 163

tuning fork is placed on vertex of skull in midline, pt is asked which side the tone sounds louder

Back 163

weber test; sensorineural hearing lost: tone is quieter on affected side
conductive hearing loss: tone is louder on affected side

Front 164

can be caused by lesions anywhere in the vestibular pathway from labyrinth, to vestibular nerve, to vestibular nuclei and cerebellum, to parietal cortex

Back 164

vertigo

Front 165

dix-hallpike positional testing: onset of nystagmus is delayed, there is adaptation, there is horizontal or rotary nystagmus but not vertical

Back 165

peripheral (inner ear) lesion

Front 166

dix-hallpike positional testing: onset of nystagmus is immediate, there is no habituation, there is horizontal, rotary, and vertical nystagmus, and nystagmus may occur in absence of vertigo

Back 166

central (brainstem or cerebellum) lesion

Front 167

pt has recurrent episodes of vertigo, accompanied by fluctuating and sometimes stepwise, progressive hearing loss and tinnitus. pt also can complain of a feeling of fullness in the ear

Back 167

meniere's disease

Front 168

What is the onset of nystagmus in a peripheral (inner ear) lesion?

Back 168

delayed

Front 169

What is the onset of nystagmus in a central (brainstem or cerebellum) lesion?

Back 169

can be immediate or delayed

Front 170

Is there adaptation (habituation) in a peripheral (inner ear) lesion?

Back 170

yes

Front 171

Is there adaptation (habituation) in central (brainstem or cerebellum) lesion)

Back 171

no

Front 172

What are the characteristics of nystagmus and vertigo in a peripheral (inner ear) lesion?

Back 172

Horizontal or rotatory, not vertical; does not change directions; prominent nystagmus only if vertigo is present as well

Front 173

What are the characteristics of nysagmus and vertifo in a central (brainstem or cerebellum) lesion affecting CN VIII?

Back 173

Horizontal, rotatory, or vertical; may change directions; prominent nysagmus may occur in the absence of vertigo

Front 174

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Back 174

most common cause of true vertigo; patients experience brief episodes of vertigo lasting a few seconds and changing with position; proposed mechanism = otoconia (otholtihic debris in the semicircular canals)

Front 175

CN 9 Motor fibers arise from what nucleus?

Back 175

nucleus ambiguous

Front 176

CN 9 Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from what nucleus?

Back 176

inferior salivatory nucleus

Front 177

CN 9 Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers arise from what ganglion?

Back 177

otic ganglion

Front 178

Parotid gland innervation comes from which nerve?

Back 178

CN 9 > lesser petrossal > auriculotemporal (V3)

Front 179

The carotid sinus and carotid body send sensory information via which nerve?

Back 179

CN 9

Front 180

afferents IX which conveys inputs from baroreceptors and chemic receptors from the carotid body synapse in what nucleus

Back 180

caudal nucleus solitarius of the medulla

Front 181

taste from IX which does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue synapses in what nucleus

Back 181

rostral nucleus solitarius (gustatory nucleus)

Front 182

what muscle does the branchial motor portion of CNIX supply

Back 182

stylopharyngeus (elevates pharynx during talking and swallowing and contributes with XNX to gag reflex)

Front 183

where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve originate and what do they exit as

Back 183

inferior salivatory nucleus in the pons..they leave the glossopharyngeal nerve via the tympanic nerve and then join the lesser petrosal nerve to synapse in the otic ganglion-->providing postganglionic parasympathetics to the parotid gland

Front 184

afferents IX which conveys inputs from baroreceptors and chemic receptors from the carotid body synapse in what nucleus

Back 184

caudal nucleus solitarius of the medulla

Front 185

Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers of CN10 are found where?

Back 185

Dorsal motor nucleus of CN10

Front 186

The taste nucleus is part of what larger nucleus? What Cranial nerves send sensation to it?

Back 186

nucleus solitarus; CN 7, 9, 10

Front 187

Contraction of the left SCM muscle turns the head which direction? Left SCM tilts the head to which side?

Back 187

turns it right; tilts it left

Front 188

A lesion in the left tongue motor cortex will produce weakness on which side?

Back 188

contralateral, right

Front 189

A lesion in the left tongue hypoglossal nucleus will produce weakness on which side?

Back 189

ipsilateral, left

Front 190

A lesion in the left tongue motor cortex will cause the tongue to deviate to which side when protruded?

Back 190

right. left motor cortex = right sided hypoglossal nerve damage = tongue protrusion deviates it to the right since the left pushes forward more

Front 191

A lesion of the left hypoglossal nerve will cause the tongue to deviate to which side when protruded?

Back 191

left. the right hypoglossal will protrude more and push the tongue left

Front 192

Larynx muscles are innervated by ...

Back 192

CN10

Front 193

Hoarse voice suggests damage to which cranial nerve?

Back 193

CN 10

Front 194

Difficulty swallowing can be caused by damage to which cranial nerves?

Back 194

9, 10 &12

Front 195

Gag reflex afferent limb

Back 195

CN 9

Front 196

Gag reflex efferent limb

Back 196

CN 10

Front 197

A patient's uvula deviates to the left. Which nerve is damaged?

Back 197

right CN 10

Front 198

A patient's soft palate is lower on the left. Which nerve is damaged?

Back 198

left CN 10; curtain sign""

Front 199

what nucleus supplies the motor component of CNX

Back 199

nucleus ambiguus

Front 200

nerve that loops back upward from the thoracic cavity to control all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except for the cricothyroid

Back 200

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 201

innervation of cricothyroid

Back 201

superior laryngeal nerve

Front 202

lower part of traps are innervated by

Back 202

C3 and C4

Front 203

where does CNXII exit

Back 203

between the pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus

Front 204

lesions in the primary motor cortex or internal capsule will cause ______ tongue weakness...lesions of the hypoglossal nucleus or nerve will cause ____ tongue weakness

Back 204

lesions in the primary motor cortex or internal capsule will cause contralateral tongue weakness...lesions of the hypoglossal nucleus or nerve will cause ipsilateral tongue weakness

Front 205

unilateral tongue weakness will cause the tongue to deviate toward the weak side when it is protruded. Therefore a lesion of the hypoglossal nerve will cause the tongue to deviate away/toward the side of the lesion

Back 205

toward the side of the lesion

Front 206

glomus tumors

Back 206

result in compression of IX, X, XI in the jugular foramen

Front 207

abnormal articulation of speech

Back 207

dysarthria.. it should be distinguished from aphasia

Front 208

difference between dysarthria and aphasia

Back 208

dysarthria: motor articulatory disorder; aphasia: disorder or higher cognitive function in which language formulation or comprehension is abnormal

Front 209

impaired swallowing

Back 209

dysphagia

Front 210

gag reflex afferent and efferent

Back 210

afferent; mostly ix --- efferent; mostly x

Front 211

what causes this: when the uvula and soft palate deviate to the normal side and the abnormal soft palate hangs low

Back 211

unilateral lesions of CNX or the nucleus ambiguus (stage curtain sign)

Front 212

lesions in what cranial nerves will cause random laughter or crying without feeling the usual associated emotions

Back 212

CN VII, IX, X, XII...lesions of the corticobulbar pathways (pseudobulbar affect)

Front 213

difference in sensory innervation of middle and outer ear

Back 213

middle ear: IX; outer ear: V3, VII, IX, X

Front 214

muscles of the soft palate are supplied by...except...

Back 214

muscles of the soft palate are supplied by X except for tensor veli palatini (V3)

Front 215

sensation from the supratentorial dura mater is carried by..

Back 215

CNV

Front 216

while dura of the posterior cranial fossa is supplied by...

Back 216

CNX

Front 217

To walk down stairs, one has to have the ability to move the eyes down when they are in the medial position. This involves the use of cranial nerve _______, which innervates the superior oblique muscle (whose action is to pull the eye downward when in the medial position).

Back 217

If there is damage to this nerve on one side, the eyes will not be able

Front 218

to focus on the same visual field, thus producing double vision.

Back 218

IV (trochlear nerve)

Front 219

patient has a stroke and is rigid aftewards. Where is the lesion and what produces the rigidity

Back 219

pons... unopposed action of the lateral vestibulospinal tract; The central pathways mediating taste include the following: primary afferent
taste fibers associated with taste receptors of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X

Front 220

synapse in the _____ nucleus.

Back 220

the solitary nucleus

Front 221

CNIX supplies the stylopharyngeous muscle (elevation of pharynx in speech)... what nucleus supplies its efferents

Back 221

nucleus ambiguus