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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the different forms of energy?
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heat
mechanical electrical chemical |
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What is metabolism?
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release of energy, water and CO2
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Energy metabolism
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How body obtains & uses energy from food
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Anabolism
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requires energy
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catabolism
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releases energy
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When is ATP released?
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breakdown of aa, glucose and fatty acids
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What is the form of phosphate groups in ATP
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neg charge
- vulnerable to hydrolysis |
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enzymes:
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Facilitators of metabolic reactions
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Coenzymes
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Organic
Associate with enzymes Without coenzyme, an enzyme cannot function |
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Pyruvate
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3 carbon structure
- can be used to make glucose |
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Acetyl CoA
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2-carbon structure
Cannot be used to make glucose |
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Glucose-to-pyruvate happens through what? what is the actual product of glycolysis?
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glycolysis
- 2 pyruvates - hydrogen atoms carried to ETC |
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can pyruvate be converted back to glucose?
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yes
in liver and kidney cells |
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What are pyruvates options? based on energy needs/
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quick- anaerobic. can to pyruvate to lactate
slower- aerobic pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
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explain the process of pyruvate to lactate. and the effects
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pyruvate accetps Hs
- turns pyruvate to lactate - usually very limited at rest produces ATP quick accumulates lactate in muscles |
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explain the process of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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pyruvate enters mitochondria of cell
- carbon removed (becomes CO2) - 2 carbon compound joins with CoA becoming acetyl CoA- - irreversible |
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what are acetyl coA's 2 options?
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synthesize fats
generate ATP for TCA cycle - hydrogens to electron transport chain |
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glucogenic:
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amino acids that can be used to make glucose
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ketogenic:
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amino acids converted to acetyl CoA
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what can glycerol be converted to?
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pyruvate of glucose
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How do fatty acids become acetyl coA?
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fatty acid oxidation
- 2-carbons units at a time then join with coA hydrogen carried to ETC |
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How can amino acids enter the energy pathway>
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converted to pyruvate (glucogenic)
- converted to acetyle CoA (ketogenic) - Enter TCA directly (glycogenic |
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where does the TCA cycle happen
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mitochondira
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what does the ETC take place
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inner membrane of mitochondria,
uses electron carriers |
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what does metabolism favour? why?
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fat formation
- most efficient and direct conversion - carbs and protein have other roles before conversion to body fat fuel mix |
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what happens to stores when fasting starts?
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glucose, glycerol and fatty acids are used
- glyco gen and fat released |
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What begins to break down with fasting? what do low blood glucose levels signal?
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begins with release of glucose and fatty acids (acetyl coA)
- low blood glusose = fat breakdown, release of aa from muscles |
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what needs glucose?
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nervous system, brain , RBC
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Ketosis
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use fat to fuel brain
- ketone bodies - slows rate of body protein break down |
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what does ketosis cause/
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loss of appetite
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what happens when metabolism slows?
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horomones releases
reduce energy output supports weight loss but not fat loss |
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what are symptoms of starvation ?
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physical and psychological symptoms
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Explain low carb diets?
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metabolism similar to fasting.
- uses glycogen stores first gluconeogensis when glycolgen depleted - ketosis - urine monitoring |
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examples of alcohols?
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glycerol
ethanol |
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what are alcohols special privileges?
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no digestion/
quick absorption = stomach= alocohol dehydrogenase SI- priortry over over nutirents |
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Alcohol Disrupts the Liver how?
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Development of fatty liver
Damage to central nervous system Inflammation of joints Amino acid and protein metabolism causes low level of NAD |
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what does low levels of NAD mean
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acetyle CoA can't get into the TCA cycle, made ion fatty acids ins tea d
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What does alcohol do to the brain?
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Sedates inhibitory nerves
Acts as central nervous system depressant Blood alcohol levels and brain responses Death of liver and brain cells Depression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Loss of body water Loss of important minerals |
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Alcohol and Malnutrition? how does it effect weight gain?
- how much energy? - what nutrient does it deplace? |
1 ounce of alcohol represents 0.5 ounce of fat
Central obesity -7 kcalories per gram - B vitamens |
