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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
All chemical reactions in an organism |
Metabolism |
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Metabolic processes are guided by Eight statements: |
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What are the two major classes of metabolic reactions? |
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Metabolic reaction that breaks larger molecules into smaller products and is exergonic (release energy) |
Catabolic pathways |
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Metabolic reaction that synthesize large molecules from the smaller products and is Endergonic (require more energy than released) |
Anabolic pathways |
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Metabolic reactions involve the transfer of electrons, which carry energy from electron donor to electron acceptor:
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Remember acronym: OIL RIG Oxidation Involves Loss; Reduction Involves Gain |
**electron acceptor are reduced because their gain in electrons reduces their overall electrical charge **Molecules that lose electrons are oxidized because frequently their electrons are donated to oxygen atoms. |
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Key factors of the chemical reactions of Metabolism: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions are... |
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In Metabolic Oxidation and Reduction; What are the three important electron carriers? |
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Metabolism: ATP Production and Energy Storage: |
-Can be concentrated and stored in high energy phosphate bonds (ATP)
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Metabolism: ATP Production and Energy Storage: Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in what three ways? |
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What is the Role of Enzymes in Metabolism? |
Enzymes are organic catalysts with the main function of increasing the likelihood of reaction. |
The effect of enzymes on chemical reactions. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy--that is, the energy needed to trigger the reaction. |
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The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism: Naming and classifying enzymes: What are the 6 categories of enzymes based on mode of action? |
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Many protein enzymes are complete in themselves, but others are composed of both protein and nonprotein portions. The proteins in these combinations are called ________. |
apoenzymes ***is inactive unless it is bound to its cofactors |
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Apoenzymes are inactive if they are not bound to one or more of the nonprotein substances called _______. |
cofactors. |
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Cofactors are either inorganic ions (such as iron, magnesium, zinc, or copper ions) or certain organic molecules called _______. |
coenzymes |
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All coenzymes are either __1__ or the contain __1__, which are organic molecules that are required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized by certain organisms (especially mammals) |
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Some apoenzymes bind with inorganic cofactors, some bind with coenzymes, and some bind with both. The binding of an apoenzyme and its factor(s) forms an active enzyme, called a _______. |
holoenzyme **can need more than 1 cofactor; both organic and inorganic |
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Not all enzymes are proteinaceous; some are RNA molecules called _______. |
ribozymes |
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The effect of enzymes on chemical reactions: Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy--the energy needed to trigger the reaction. Does this graph more closely represent a catabolic or and anabolic reaction? |
Energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. Thus, the graph more closely represents catabolism. |
About 3 times more energy is needed without enzyme. |
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Enzymes fitted to substrates: The induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction. |
An enzyme's active site is generally complementary to the shape of its substrate, but a perfect fit between them does not occur until the substrate and enzyme bind to form a complex. |
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The process of enzymatic activity: Shown here is the lysis of fructose. After the enzyme associates with the substrate, what happens in steps 1, 2, 3, 4? |
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This entire process occurs 14 times per second at 37 degrees Celsius (body temperature) In Fig. 5.6 the substrate of Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is broken down into two separate 3 carbon sugars as the products. |
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The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism: What are the 3 main factors that influence the rate of enzyme reactions? |
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What is the optimal temperature for enzyme activity? |
37.5 degrees Celcius (body temp) |
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What is the optimal pH for enzyme activity? |
pH 7.2 |
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If a temperature rises beyond a certain critical point, or pH levels become extreme; this will cause the noncovalent bonds (such as hydrogen bonds between amino acids) within the enzyme to break and distort an enzymes structure. This causes the ________ of protein enzymes. |
Denaturation (see Fig. 5.8 in hint) |
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_______ is a substance that block an enzyme's active site. May be either competitive or noncompetitive and do not denature the enzymes. |
Inhibitors |
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_______ inhibitors are shaped such that they fit into an enzyme's active site and thus prevent the normal substrate form binding. |
Competitive **an increase in substrate concentration can "kick out" the competitive inhibitor. |
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______ inhibitors do not bind to the active site but instead bind to another site of the enzyme (allosteric site) which will alter the shape of the active site so that the substrate cannot be bound. |
Noncompetitive |
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In what two ways does the Allosteric site help control enzyme activity? |
1. changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate cannot bind. 2. Uses an allosteric activator to cause a change that makes it capable of binding substrate. (see hint) |
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A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to a certain level, thereby balancing the amount provided with the amount needed. |
Feedback inhibition |
Operates similar to a thermostat: when the room gets warm enough, a sensor inside the thermostat changes shape and sends a signal to the heater to turn off. |
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How can oxidation take place in an anaerobic environment, that is, without oxygen? |
because oxidation involves the loss of electrons (not oxygen) |
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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as primary energy source for anabolic reactions. What is the most common carbohydrate used? |
Glucose |
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Glucose is catabolized by what two processes? |
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A metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and then production of ATP by a series of redox reactions. |
Cellular respiration |
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The partial oxidation of sugar (or other metabolites) to release energy using an organic molecule from within the cell as the final electron acceptor. |
Fermentation |
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_______ occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells. Involves the splitting of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon sugar molecules--> which are then oxidized to pyruvic acid-->some of the energy released is stored in molecules of (net gain of 2) ATP and (2 molecules) NADH. |
Gycolysis |
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What are the three stages of Glycolysis? |
**10 steps total (see hint) |
***Understand what is happening |
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Example of substrate-level phosphorylation. High energy phosphate bonds are transferred from one substrate to another in this process. What role does Mg^2+ play in this reaction? |
Mg^2+ is a cofactor of the enzyme |
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_______ (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed through the transfer of electrons between molecules, involving both oxidation and a complementary reduction process. |
Redox |
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What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? |
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In fermentation what microbe(s) produces Swiss Cheese? |
Propionibacterium |
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In fermentation: what microbe(s) produces cheddar cheese, yogurt and soy sauce? |
Aspergillus Lactobacillus Streptococcus |
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In fermentation: what microbe(s) produces wine and beer? |
Saccharomyces |
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In fermentation: what microbe(s) produces nail polish remover and rubbing alcohol? |
Clostridium |
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In Aerobic respiration:
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In Aerobic respiration:
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In Anaerobic respiration:
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In Anaerobic respiration:
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In Fermentation:
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In Fermentation:
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Ch. 5 Questions: 1. Breaks a large molecule into smaller ones a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
c. catabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 2. Includes dehydration synthesis reactions a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
a. anabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 3. Is exergonic a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
c. catabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 4. Is endergonic a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
a. anabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 5. Involves the production of cell membrane constituents a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
a. anabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 6. Includes hydrolytic reactions a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
c. catabolism only |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 7. Includes metabolism a. anabolism only b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) c. catabolism only |
b. both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 8. Redox reactions ________ a. transfer energy b. transfer electrons c. involve oxidation and reduction d. are involved in all of the above |
d. are involved in all of the above |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 9. A reduced molecule _______ a. has gained electrons b. has become more positive in charge c. has lost electrons d. is an electron donor |
a. has gained electrons |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 10. Activation energy ________ a. is the amount of energy required during an activity such as flagellar motion b. requires the addition of nutrients in the presents of water c. is lowered by the action of organic catalysts d. results from the movement of molecules |
c. is lowered by the action of organic catalysts |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 11. Coenzymes _________ a. are types of apoenzymes b. are proteins c. are inorganic cofactors d. are organic cofactors |
d. are organic cofactors |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 12. Which of the following statements best describes ribozymes? a. They are proteins that aid in the production of ribosomes. b. They are nucleic acids that produce ribose sugars. c. They store enzymes in ribosomes. d. They process RNA molecules in eukaryotes. |
d. They process RNA molecules in eukaryotes. |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 13. Which of the following does not affect the function of enzymes? a. ubiquinone b. substrate concentration c. temperature d. competitive inhibitors |
a. ubiquinone |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 14. Most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve the _______. a. removal of hydrogen ions and electrons b. removal of oxygen c. addition of hydrogen ions and electrons d. addition of hydrogen ions |
a. removal of hydrogen ions and electrons |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 15. Under ideal conditions, the fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules? a. 2 b. 4 c. 38 d. 0 |
a. 2 |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 16. Under ideal conditions, the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules? a. 2 b. 4 c. 38 d. 0 |
c. 38 |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 17. Which of the following statements about the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is false? a. It is a series of reactions that synthesizes glucose b. Its products are sometimes used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas. c. It is a pathway of chemical reactions that catabolizes glucose d. It is an alternate pathway to glycolysis |
a. It is a series of reactions that synthesizes glucose |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 18. Reactions involved in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis constitute the ____. a. Krebs cycle b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway c. Calvin-Benson cycle d. pentose phosphate pathway |
c. Calvin-Benson cycle |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 19. The glycolysis pathway is basically _________. a. catabolic b. amphibolic c. anabolic d. cyclical |
a. catabolic |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 20. A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is ____. a. in the use of oxygen b. that the former requires breathing c. that the later uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors d. that fermentation only produces alcohol |
c. that the later uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 1. ______ Occurs when energy from a compound containing phosphate reacts with ADP to form ATP. |
Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 2. _______ Involves formation of ATP via reduction of coenzymes in the electron transport chain |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 3. ______ Begins with glycolysis |
Carbohydrate catabolism |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 4. ______ Occurs when all active sites on substrate molecules are filled. |
Saturation |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 1. The final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is ________. |
the original reaction center chlorophyll |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 2. Two ATP molecules are used to initiate glycolysis. Enzymes generate molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis. Thus, a net gain of _______ molecules of ATP is produced in glycolysis. |
2 |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 3. The initial catabolism of glucose occurs by glycolysis and/or the ______ and ______ pathways. |
pentose phosphate Entner-Doudoroff |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 4. ________ is a cyclic series of eight reactions involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA that yields eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2+ |
the Krebs cycle |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 5. The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ______. |
Oxygen or 1/2 O2 |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 6. Three common inorganic electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration are _______ and ______. |
NO3-, SO4^2-, CO3^2- |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 7. Anaerobic respiration typically uses (organic/inorganic) _______ molecules as final electron acceptors. |
inorganic |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 9. The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is _____. |
chemiosmosis |
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Ch. 5 Questions: 10. The main coenzymes that carry electrons in catabolic pathways are ______ and _______. |
NAD+, FAD |
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