Learning Theory

Front 1

timing of classical conditioning

Back 1

CS must come before US.
Backward conditioning is rarely effective, suggesting contingency, not contiguity, is most important

Front 2

premise of classical conditioning

Back 2

PAIRING...we learn new responses when things are connected or paired. When a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually, the CS produces a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivation). The CR is typically not as strong as the UR.

Front 3

three theories of acquiring new behaviors and responses

Back 3

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
social learning theory

Front 4

Premise of operant conditioning

Back 4

learning is based on rewards and punishment

Front 5

Premise of social theory

Back 5

learning is based on observation and imitation

Front 6

Alternative names for Classical conditioning

Back 6

-respondent
-Pavlovian
-stimulus-response conditioning

Front 7

Pioneers of Classical conditioning

Back 7

Pavlov and Watson

Front 8

Focus of Classical conditioning

Back 8

automatic, involuntary response that are not deliberate and do not require effort

Front 9

Pavlov's Unconditioned Reflexes

Back 9

stimulus-response links when no learning has yet taken place and the link between stimulus and response is inborn and automatic.
US->UR

Front 10

lights off ->pupil dilation

Back 10

US -> UR

Front 11

Loud noise ->startle response

Back 11

US -> UR

Front 12

Pavlov's Conditioned Reflex

Back 12

results from experience and learning. Generally varies significantly among members of species. CS -> CR

Front 13

Differences between Unconditioned and Conditioned stimulus

Back 13

Is it involuntary?
Universal among species?
involuntary and universal = unconditioned.
voluntary and not universal = conditioned (e.g. fishnet stockings; feeling perked up by the first sip of coffee, feeling nausea at the first bite of food that had previously made one sick)

Front 14

how classical conditioning occurs

Back 14

neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus. Through repeated pairing, the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus, although typically to a lesser degree.

Front 15

Methods of classical conditioning

Back 15

-standard pairing (trace conditioning)
-delay conditioning
-temporal conditioning
-simultaneous conditioning
-backward conditioning

Front 16

delayed conditioning

Back 16

the most effective means of conditioning. The CS is presented before the US and continues through completion of the US.

Front 17

trace conditioning

Back 17

the CS is a discrete stimulus that is presented and terminated before the US is presented. Can be effective if the interstimulus interval is very brief - optimally 1/2 to 1 second.(e.g. noise of a gun being fired.)

Front 18

simultaneous conditioning

Back 18

the neutral stimulus and uncondtioned stimlus completely overlap.

Front 19

Behavioral Therapies based upon Classical Conditioning

Back 19

-aversion therapy
-flooding
-systematic desensitization
-implosive therapy

Front 20

Implosive Therapy

Back 20

an imaginal technique that promotes exposure to the original traumatic event using memory reactivation. Exposure therapy using systematic imagining or recall of the incident that led to trauma. The aim is to eliminate the fear response through repeated exposure.

AKA: imaginal flooding

Front 21

Flooding (Implosion)

Back 21

behavior therapy procedure for phobias & other problems involving maladaptive anxiety, in which anxiety producers are presented in intense forms, either in imagination or in real life. Therapy continued until stimuli no longer produce disabling anxiety.

Front 22

systematic desensitization

Back 22

treatment mainly used for phobia and specific anxieties. SD involves understanding what provokes least and most anxiety, learning relaxation techniques, then associating relaxation with he least provoking stimuli.

Front 23

Aversion Therapy

Back 23

Designed to eliminate an 'undesirable' behaviour by associating an aversive stimulus with it.

Front 24

difference between implosive therapy and imaginal flooding.

Back 24

Implosive therapy is distinguished from imaginal flooding by virtue of its use of cognitive variables that are correlated with the development of PTSD (e.g., hopelessness, loss of control, etc.). These variables can be central to the development and maintenance of traumatic symptomatology and thus crucial to introduce in the exposure therapy to evoke the affective response and initiate emotional processing of the event.

Front 25

Backward Conditioning

Back 25

the US comes after the NS. No learning or conditioning occurs

Front 26

Temporal Conditioning

Back 26

when the US is presented repeatedly at a consistent time interval. Eventually time begins to act as the CS. e.g. feeding zoo animals on a schedule, eliciting anticipatory behavior at a specific time.

Front 27

stimulus generalization

Back 27

AKA: Mediated Generalization.the subject automatically generalizes from a CS to other similar neutral stimuli. Occcurs automatically and without deliberate attempt. e.g. white mice -> furry animals

Front 28

higher order conditioning

Back 28

AKA second-order conditioning. A CS is paired with a NS until the NS becomes conditioned to elicit the conditioned response. Third order conditioning is similarly possible but it is impossible to condition beyond the third level

Front 29

Difference between stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning.

Back 29

Stimulus generalization is automatic; higher order conditioning is deliberate.

Front 30

classical extinction

Back 30

results from repeated presentation of the CS without the US. Note that repeated presentation of the US will not result in extinction because the CS never loses its signaling value.

Front 31

spontaneous recovery

Back 31

during extinction trials, following a rest period, the CR to the CS often briefly reappears. The CR will once again vanish if extinction trials continue. A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Front 32

equipotentiality

Back 32

pavlov's belief that any neutral stimulus could become conditioned

Front 33

acquisition

Back 33

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Front 34

stimulus generalization

Back 34

Occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.

Front 35

pseudoconditioning

Back 35

conditioning occurs accidentally when a neutral stimulus that was not deliberately paired with either the US or the CS comes to elicit the CR

Front 36

habituation

Back 36

the subject becomes accustomed to and less responsive to an US after repeated exposure. e.g. livied beneath an el train. Always involves the US never the CS