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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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permanent change in behavior brought by experience
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Reflex/Instinct
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behavior that is "preprogrammed"
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Maturation
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changes in behavior from biological development
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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No learning; stimulus that elicits a natural response
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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unlearned response
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Neutral Stimulus (NS)
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No response
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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learned;stimulus thats learned
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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learned response
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What two stimuli produce a response?
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NS and UCS
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Reconditioning
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Response thats relearned quickly
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Spontaneous Recovery
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extinguished response that reappears
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Generalization
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response generated to similar stimuli
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Discrimination
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response generated to specific stimuli
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Trace(forward) cond.
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NS..........UCS
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Delayed cond.
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NSUCS (right after one another)
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Simultaneous
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NS
UCS (Same time) |
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Backward
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UCS then NS (Switched around)
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Contingency
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one event predicts another
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Taste Aversions
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one trial learning that you don't like the food
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phobias
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learned fears of things
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Law of Effect
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One thing causes another to occur
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Reinforcement
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anything that increases the behavior
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Punishment
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anything that reduces the behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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reinforcing stimulus is added to situation (Rewarding for good behavior)
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Negative reinforcement
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reinforcing stimulus is removed ( taking pain medication)
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Escape Learning
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Stops aversive stimulus (giving your money to bully so he leaves you alone)
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Avoidance learning
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prevents aversive stimulus from happening (avoiding the bully by not going to the same places he's at)
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Stimulus Control
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indicates when reinforcement is more likely
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Positive punishment
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adds something to reduce behavior (yelling)
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Negative punishment
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take away something to reduce behavior (take away TV time)
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Consquenses of punishment
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Aggression, no alternative behavior, non-effective punishment
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Primary (R/P)
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Food, water, sex, relief of pain
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Secondary (R/P)
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clothes, money
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Shaping
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teaching a behavior using rewards
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chaining
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complex string of behaviors
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Continuous
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behavior thats reinforced every time
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Partial
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behavior reinforced only at certain times
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Fixed ratio
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set number of responses
-easy distinction, Very fast rate |
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Variable ratio
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varied number of responses
-difficult distinction, fast rate |
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fixed interval
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set amount of time
-easy distinction, scalloped rate |
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variable interval
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varied amount of time
-difficult distinction, very slow rate |
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Insight
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when something just pops into your head
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Latent learning
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learning occurs but is not exposed until needed
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overjustification
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reduces the internal desire to behave in that way
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modeling
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observing and imitating others
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vicarious reinforcement/punishment
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learning from the mistakes of others
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encoding
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putting info into memory
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storage
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holding or storing info
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retrieval
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getting info back out
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Declarative (explicit)
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facts and info in conscious memory
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semantic
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general info and facts
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episodic
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memory for events that happened to you
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flashbulb memories
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moments you can remember as if they just happened yesterday
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Implicit
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unsubconscious storing of info;not knowing your doing it
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Procedural
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how to do something
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Automatic
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info put in memory without thinking of it
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Rehearsal
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more times repeated, better remembered
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Elaborative
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to build on it
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next in line effect
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don't remember whats close
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spacing effect
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will remember it better with space
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Van Restorff
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to disrupt your memory
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Semantics
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remember the meaning
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Acoustic
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encode the sound
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Imagery
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encode an image
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What's in the 3 box Model of memory?
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Sensory memory, Short term memory, Long term memory
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Sensory Memory
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each of your senses can store memory
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Iconic
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visual info
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Iconic Duration
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is remembered for less than a sec
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Echoic
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auditory info
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Can remember how many numbers most of the time?
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5
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Echoic Duration
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up to 2 sec
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Articulatory Loop
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stores verbal info
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visual-spatial scratch pad
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stores visual info that come from anywhere
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central executive
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controls output/input of working memory (what is stored and what isn't)
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Most people have a span between what two numbers?
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5 and 9 (7+-2)
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chunking
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grouping items into meaningful memory
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semantic Networks
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allows you to store memories by connecting similar things (the color RED)
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Serial Exhaustive Search
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a manner in which we search for an item individually but won't stop until we went completely through all info
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encoding specificity
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when stuff is connected
more connections=better remembering it |
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priming
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you think of one thing then other things pop up and you remember them
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Episodic Time Markers
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link memories to easily identified times
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Context
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environmental setting
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State
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your stated of mind at the time
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mood
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how you are feeling at that point
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Spreading activation
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when you use one part, you start using the rest that are connected.
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Hippocampus
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the part of the brain that stores new memories
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cerebellum
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associated with storing implicit memories
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Suppression
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you try to forget it
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repression
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your mind blocks it out
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Retrieval failure
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can't think of it at the moment
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Feeling of knowing It
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or tip of the tongue;feel like you know it
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meta memory
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ability to guess what you will know in the future
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anterograde amnesia
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inability of forming new memories for a short time after damage occurs
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retrograde amnesia
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inability to recall memories for time before damage occured
(forget who they are) |
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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caused by chronic long-time alcohol abuse
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Alzheimer's disease
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neural tissue loss that affects memory
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Schema
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collection of common info on a topic
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self-reference effect
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remembering things about yourself than anything else
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encoding failure
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never put into memory-symatic
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consolidation failure
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not transferred to LTM;try to but can't
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decay
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loss of memory overtime
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interference
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loss of memory from other info
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proactive
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old interferes with recall of new
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retroactive
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new interferes with old info
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motivated forgetting
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supression or repression: tryng to not remember
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Cognition
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study of mental processes
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Logical(formal)concept
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follows specified rules
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Natural concept
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no specified rules
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Prototype
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general representation of an object
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Exemplars
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individual instances
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Propositions
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specific connection between concepts
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Schemas
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network of related things
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scripts
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schema that follows a pattern, mostly time based
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Overextension
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extending a concept to something it shouldn't
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deductive reasoning
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take general info to draw a specific conclusion (solving a crime)
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Algorithm
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systematic precedure-way you do something
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Irrelevant info
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inability to ignore info not related to problem
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Belief bias
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allow personal belief ovveride logical thinking (not open to all things)
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Limits on working memory
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can't hold everything;know what to focus on
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Inductive reasoning
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going from specific to general (scientific research)
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Trial/error
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trying one thing;if fails try another
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Algorithms
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steps to guaranteed solution;steps (using a formula)
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heuristics
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rules that may lead to solution
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anchoring
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start with old info and adjust it to fit new info
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means-end analysis
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set smalls goals to reach your end goal
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working backswords
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set one big goal and figure out how to reach it
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Analogy
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what you learned from one situation to help with another
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