Learning & Conditioning

Front 1

Suppression Ratio

Back 1

Studies the relationship between an overt response and the covert behavior that may be oppressed

Front 2

Interstimulus Interval

Back 2

The time between the presentation of the NS, and the presentation of the US

Front 3

Delayed Conditioning

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The onset of the NS precedes the US, but the presentation of the US overlaps with the NS.

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Neutral Stimulus

Back 4

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.

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Conditioned Stimulus

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A natural response, that is paired with a neutral stimulus, to create a new, learned stimulus

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Conditioned Response

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A pairing of a conditioned stimulus with a certain event to create a predictable behavior

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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A natural appetitive or aversive stimulus

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Trace Conditioning

Back 8

A form of conditioning where the NS precedes the US, but is removed before US is presented.

Front 9

Simultaneous Conditioning

Back 9

A type of conditioning where the NS and US are presented at the same time.

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Backward Conditioning

Back 10

A type of conditioning where the US precedes the NS, and creates no predictive value

Front 11

Temporal Conditioning

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A type of conditioning where the specific time interval is the CS

Front 12

Occasion Setting

Back 12

The idea that the predictive value of a CS is conditional, and based on the setting/situation

Front 13

Acquisition

Back 13

The shift from NS to CS as a gradual increase of associative strength. This is affected by the intensity.

Front 14

Unconditioned Stimulus Inflation

Back 14

A type of acquisition curve where there is a quick, strong association

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Unconditioned Stimulus Deflation

Back 15

A type of acquisition curve where there is a slow, and gradual weakening of association

Front 16

Extinction

Back 16

A conditioned stimulus occurs, but no longer with the unconditioned stimulus, and therefore no longer predicts the US

Front 17

Adversive Conditioning

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If CS is avoided, extinction will not occur, because nothing is being unlearned, just avoided

Front 18

Dis-inhibition

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Changes to the environment during extinction trials will also result in the sudden re-appearance of a conditioned response.

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External Inhibition

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A novel stimulus may distract or interrupt the appearance of a conditioned response. (external interruption)

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Experimental Neurosis

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This is an abnormal behavior condition produced in an experimental setting where the subject is typically placed in a frustrating situation that then induces erratic altered behavior that mimics a mental disorder

Front 21

Rescorla-Wagner Theory

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A theory that says: the potential for conditioning is limited

Front 22

Latent Learning

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Learning is taking place, but isn't detected, and can be expressed later depending on the situation/environment

Front 23

Over expectation Effect

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When two NS are conditioned independently, but when paired together, there is overestimation, and can result in a decreased CR

Front 24

Heritability

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Relative contribution of genetic predisposition in relation to the environment

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Phobia

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Overwhelming fear association out of proportion to the actual threat. Is not weakened over time, does not require repeated conditioning, and does not respond well to coping mechanisms

- Often involves extreme overgeneralizations

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Incubation

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Avoidance of a feared stimulus reduces the opportunity for extinction

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Selective Sensitization

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Emotional and physiological states that are heightened will increase the likelihood of a threat & increase the likelihood of developing a phobia

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Overshadowing

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The possibility of extinguishing an association due to a long inter stimulus interval

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Material Behavioral Perspective

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Behavioral perspective based on neurological and physiological processes

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Formal Behavioral Perspective

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Behavioral perspective using descriptive models explaining pathways and processes in the body

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Efficient Behavioral Perspective

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Behavioral Perspective focusing on triggers (the input which causes the output)

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Final Behavior perspecive

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Behavioral Perspective the focuses on evolutionary perspectives

Front 33

Preparedness

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Relative ease with which an association can be made. It's an inherited predisposition and most animals display forms of this when it comes to species specific behavior.

Front 34

Correlation

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Can provide useful information but cannot be directly attributed to any individual. Mis-attributions of this type of info can be faulty, suggestive, and self fullfilling

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US Revaluation

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Accumulation of fear- Increasingly unpleasant experiences compound the associated fear

Front 36

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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A psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.

Front 37

Behaviorism

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The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

Front 38

Counter Conditioning

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Type of treatment conditioning where the feared stimulus is presented w/o aversive consequence and in conjunction with something appetitive

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Reciprocal Inhibition

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A negative association is not eliminated but is incompatible with the newer, stronger positive association

Front 40

Flooding

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Prolonged, intense but controlled exposure to aversive stimuli

Front 41

Therapist Modeled Interaction Therapy

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Therapist models an interaction in front of patient with the aversive stimuli in a controlled and safe setting

Front 42

Therapist Facilitated Patient Approach

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Therapist models an interaction with aversive stimuli, & asks the patient to mirror actions. Or, both interact with aversive stimuli together.

Front 43

Aversion Therapy

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Type of therapy that uses counter appetitive with alternative aversion association

- Used in therapy when detrimental behavior is perceived as enjoyable or 'rewarding' (such as alcoholism)

Front 44

Covert Sensitization

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An imagery-based procedure. The technique consists of having the client imagine himself or herself engaging in an undesirable behavior (e.g., overeating or excessive alcohol consumption).

Front 45

Instinctive Drift

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The emergence of a fixed action pattern instead of an operant behavior

- Often happens when trying to teach an operant behavior, and replaces it

Front 46

Sign Tracking

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The expression of directed behavior toward a signal (cue)

Front 47

Autoshaping

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The sign tracking behavior emerges naturally with pairing and can then serve as an operant response in further training.

Front 48

Negative Auto Maintenance

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As with instinctive tracking, the expression of sign tracking can be so strong as to impede access to the desired consequence

- Both instinctive drift and sign tracking can override the animal's ability to perform the rewarded behavior/response

Front 49

Fixed Interval Schedules

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Intervals of provided reward for a given behavior only following a set passage of time after each response.

Front 50

Interreinforcement Intervals

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Subject know that the behavior will not be rewarded again until a set amount of time

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Adjunctive Behavior

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A behavior repetitive behavior pattern type which emerges under intermittent schedules (time gaps) of reinforcement

- Fills time between opportunities for reinforcement of operant hebavior

Front 52

Displacement Behaviors

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Preventing abandonment of a frustrating but ultimately rewarding process can improve self control

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Activity Anorexia

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A restrictive eating schedule combined with high levels of activity can cause eating disorders and extreme weightloss

Front 54

Operant Conditioning

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Occurrence of a behavior contingent on an outcome, reward or punishment

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Discriminitive Stimulus

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A signaling stimulus that cues the availability og a reinforcer for a given response

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Positive Reinforcer

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Adding something appetitive

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Positive Punishment

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Adding something aversive

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Negative Reinforcer

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Removing something aversive

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Negative Punishment

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Removing something appetitive

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Secondary Reinforcer

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A situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer

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Generalized Secondary Reinforcer

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A situation where a learned reinforcer can be widely exchanged for other reinforcers

- Money

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Intrinsic Reinforcement

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When a behavior itself is reinforcing enough

- Playing an instrument

- Learning a sport

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Extrinsic Reinforcement

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When a behavior itself isnt reinforcing enough, it needs outside reinforcement to make it appetitive