Learning And Memory, Operant Conditioning

Front 1

ABC Model

Back 1

Instrumental learning – learning connection between behavior and consequence

Antecedents, Behaviors, and Consequences

Front 2

ABC Example

Back 2

Teacher by the chalkboard is an antecedent telling students if they are quiet and attentive there is a probability that they
will earn points on board.

Front 3

Law of Effect

Back 3

Learning involves forming an S-R connection. Reinforcement strengthens it.

Front 4

Contrast Effects

Back 4

Amt. & Quality of Reinforcement

Front 5

Schedules of Reinforcement

Back 5

Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio – given after set # of Rs
Variable Ratio – given after varying # of Rs
Fixed Interval – given for 1st R after set time
Variable Interval – given for 1st R after varying periods

Front 6

Variables that affect Acquisition

Back 6

Drive – desire for a given reinforcer
Delay of Reinforcement – immediacy is best
Self-control

Secondary Reinforcement – pair neutral stimuli with primary reinforcers

Social Reinforcement – quite powerful

Front 7

Criticisms of Reinforcement

Back 7

It is manipulative.
Some behavior shouldn’t require a reward.
It undermines intrinsic motivation.
It has questionable effectiveness.

Front 8

Negative Reinforcement

Back 8

Escape Learning – learning a R that terminates an aversive stimulus

Avoidance Learning – learning a R that prevents an aversive stimulus

May be a warning signal that is followed by the aversive stimulus.

Front 9

Learned Helplessness

Back 9

If there is no contingency between Rs and aversive stimuli, we may develop LH.

May show little learning when placed in a situation in which there is a contingency

Front 10

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)

Back 10

extinction is slower after training on a partial reinforcement schedule

Front 11

Factors that affect how well punishment works

Back 11

Stimuli
Punishment is response-contingent
Intensity
Immediacy
Schedule
Incompatible Responses
Concurrent Reinforcement
Individual Differences