Learning And Cognition - Exam 2 - Chapter 8

Front 1

Inferences

Back 1

refers to logical interpretations and conclusions that were never part of the original stimulus material

Front 2

semantic memory

Back 2

organized knowledge about the world

Front 3

schemas

Back 3

generalized, well-integrated knowledge about a situation

Front 4

Scripts

Back 4

simple, well-structured sequence of events in a specified order

Front 5

What's the difference between a script and a schema?

Back 5

a script is specific, a schema is general; a script is a type of schema

Front 6

category

Back 6

set of objects that belong together

Front 7

concept

Back 7

mental representations of a category

Front 8

prototype

Back 8

the item that is the best, most typical example of a category

Front 9

prototype approach

Back 9

you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype

Front 10

how can the prototype approach be applied to social relationships?

Back 10

compassionate love and being there for a romantic partner

Front 11

describe the network models approach

Back 11

interconnections among related items

Front 12

node

Back 12

in the network model, a concept is a node

Front 13

spreading activation

Back 13

the activation expands or spreads from that one node to other connected nodes

Front 14

declarative knowledge

Back 14

knowledge about facts and things

Front 15

propositional network

Back 15

a pattern of interconnected propositions; represents the meaning of a sentence

Front 16

spontaneous generalization

Back 16

using individual cases to draw inferences about general information; specific to general

Front 17

default assignment

Back 17

using beliefs about a population to make inferences about an individual; general to specific

Front 18

connection weights

Back 18

determine how much activation one unit can pass on to another unit

Front 19

graceful degradation

Back 19

partial memory; ex tip of the tongue; this is why the brain continues to work after stroke, etc.

Front 20

four characteristics of PDP approach

Back 20

1. processing is parallel

2. network has basic neuron-like units, or nodes

3. spreading activation

4. situated cognition - the current context often activates only certain components of a concept's meaning

Front 21

When might serial processing occur instead of parallel processing?

Back 21

cognitive tasks, sentence production, reasoning, problem solving

Front 22

how can errors occur in processing scripts?

Back 22

boundary extension and abstraction

Front 23

Boundary extension

Back 23

tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown

Front 24

abstraction

Back 24

memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words

Front 25

constructive model of memory

Back 25

people integrate information from individual sentences in order to construct larger ideas

Front 26

pragmatic view of memory

Back 26

people pay attention to what they want

Front 27

how can Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" study show how memory integration can occur?

Back 27

personal interest and background shaped the memory

Front 28

explicit memory task

Back 28

directly testing

Front 29

implicit memory task

Back 29

perform a task that does not directly ask for recall or recognition