Learning And Behavior

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learning

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Learning is a process that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential and is based on experience.

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behavior analysis

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Behavior analysis is the area of psychology that focuses on discovering environmental determinants of learning and behavior

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reflex

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Reflexes is an unlearned responses such as salivation, pupil contraction, knee jerks, or eye blinks, that is naturally elicited by specific stimuli that are biologically relevant for the organism.

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unconditioned stimulus

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An Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is any stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior, such as the food powder.

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unconditioned response

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An Unconditioned Response (UCR) is the behavior, such as salivating, that is elicited by the UCS

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acquisition

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acquisition, the process by which the CR is first elicited and gradually increases in frequency over repeated trials

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stimulus generalization

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This automatic extension of responding to stimuli that have never been paired with the original UCS

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stimulus discrimination

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Stimulus Discrimination is the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are distinct from but similar to the CS

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blocking

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Blocking is the ability of the first CS to reduce the informativeness of the second CS because of the organism’s previous experience

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law of effect

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A response that is followed by satisfying consequences becomes more probable and a response that is followed by dissatisfying consequences becomes less probable

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A reinforcement contingency

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A reinforcement contingency is a consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces

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reinforcer

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A reinforcer is any stimulus that, when made contingent on a response, increases the probability of that response

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positive reinforcement

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When a behavior is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, the event

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negetive reinforcement

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When a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, the event

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cognitive maps

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Cognitive maps are mental representations of physical locations. Humans and animals use them to find their way and to help recall important features of the environment.

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observatonal learning

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Observational learning (also known as vicarious learning, social learning, or modeling) is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior executed by others

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extension

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extinction In conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned associationin the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus.

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spontaneous recovery

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spontaneous recovery The reappearance of an extinguishedconditioned response after a rest period