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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical Conditioning
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Subject learns to give a response it already knows to a new stimulus
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Stimulus
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A change in the environment that elicits a response
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Response
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Reaction to a stimulus
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Neutral Stimulus
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Does not elicit a response
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Unconditional Stimulus
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Automatically brings unconditional response; UCS/US and UCR/UR
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Conditioned Stimulus
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Is a neutral stimulus, but when paired with UCs, it elicits a conditional response; CS and NS
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Acquisition
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Acquiring to a response
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Delayed conditioning
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Occurs when the NS is presented just before the UCS with a brief overlap between the two
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Trace Conditioning
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Occurs when the NS is presented and then disappears before the UCS appears
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Simultaneous Conditioning
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Occurs when the UCS and NS are paired together at the same time
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Backward Conditioning
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USC comes before the NS
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Aversive Conditioning
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Involving an unpleasant or harmful unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
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Extinction
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Weakening of the conditional association
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Behavior will appear later without re-pairing of the UCS and CS
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Generalization
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When stimuli similar to the CS also elicits the CR without any training
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Discrimination
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Occurs when only the CS produces the CR
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Higher-order conditioning
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Occurs when well learned CS is paired with an Ns to produce a CR to the NS
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Operant Conditioning
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Active subject voluntarily emits behaviors and can learn new ones
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Instrumental Learning
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A form of associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences
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Law of Effect
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States that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Reward training
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Premack Principle
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A more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one
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Negative Reinforcement
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Taking away unpleasant consequence after behavior is done
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Punishment Training
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Learner’s response is followed by an aversive consequence
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Omission Training
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A response by the learner is followed by taking away something of value from the learner
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Aversive Conditioning
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Use of negative reinforcement and punishment
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Avoidance
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Taking away the aversive stimulus before it begins
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Escape
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Taking away the aversive stimulus after it has started
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Learned Helplessness
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Feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from the inability to avoid repeated aversive events
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Primary Reinforcer
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Biologically important and rewarding
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Secondary Reinforcer
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Something neutral that when associated with a primary reinforcer becomes rewarding
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Generalized reinforcer
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A secondary reinforcer that can be associated wit a number of different primary reinforcers
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Token Economy
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Operant training system
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Shaping
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Positivly reinforcing closer and closer the approximation of the desired behavior
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Schedule that provides reinforcement every time the behavior is emitted by the organism
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Partial Reinforcement
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AKA intermittent schedule; maintains behavior better than continuous reinforcement
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Fixed Ratio
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Know how much behavior for reinforcement
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Fixed interval
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Know when behavior is reinforced
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Variable Ratio
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How much behavior for reinforcement changes
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Variable Interval
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When behavior is reinforced to change
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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Intense dislike/avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant stimulus
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Preparedness
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By evolution, Animals are biologically predisposed to easily learn behaviors related to their survival
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Instinctive Drift
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Conditioned response that drifts back toward the natural behavior of the organism
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Contiguity Model
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Believed that the close time was important for making connection
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Contingency Model
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CS tells the organism that the US will follow
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Blocking Effect
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Cannot produce Cr with only 1 of 2 NS/CS
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Latent Learning
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Learning in absence of rewards
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Insight
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Sudden appearance of an answer/solution
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Observational Learning
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Learning occurs by watching the behavior
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