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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axis I
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Most significant diagnoses; Vcodes
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Axis II
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Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
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Axis III
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Medical conditions
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial/ Environmental stressors
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Axis V
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GAF
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Mental Retardation
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IQ of 70 and below
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Borderline Intellectual functioning
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IQ 71-84
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Mild MH
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IQ 55-70 (educable)
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Moderate MH
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IQ 35-55 (trainable)
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Severe MH
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IQ 20-35 instutionalized
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Profound MH
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IQ 20 or below
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Autistic Disorder
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Age of onset before age 3; self stimulating/injuring behavior (rocking, spinning, head banging) often present
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Rett’s disorder
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Female only; deceleration in head growth; problems develop between 5-24 months of age; loss of previously acquired hand skills; impaired language functioning and generally associated with severe or profound mental retardation
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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Normal development until 2 then drastic decline followed by loss of previously acquired skills and development of autistic like symptoms
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Asperger’s Disorder
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Autistic like symptoms without language impairment; severely impaired social functioning; normal or above normal IQ
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ADHD
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Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months; onset usually before age 7; impulsive type often in trouble at school; inattentive type often have poor grades
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Pica
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Repeated eating of non-nutritive substances for one month, onset age 1 or 2
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Tourette’s disorder
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Vocal and motor tics that are present at the same time and last for at least one year
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Separation Anxiety Disorder
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Begin before age 18; early onset before age 6
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Selective Mutism
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Must last at least one month (excludes first month of school), must impair functioning
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Delirium
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Abrupt onset of symptoms that fluctuate, clouded sensorium (ability to think clearly or concentrate), brief duration
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Dementia
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Relatively stable symptoms that do not fluctuate, no clouded sensorium, long duration, must have disturbance in occupational and social functioning, characterized by multiple cognitive deficits
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Substance Abuse
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Less severe, continue use knowing it is causing harm
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Substance Dependence
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Need to take larger amounts with unsuccessful attempts to quit
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Substance Intoxication
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Condition related to recent ingestion of psychoactive substance
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Substance withdrawal
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Maladaptive cognitive and behavioral declines due to reduction of a substance; usually associated with dependence; two most problematic substances are alcohol and heroin
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Polysubstance dependence
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Criteria for any one substance is not met, the client abuses more than one substance and takes them together
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Schizophrenia, disorganized type
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Marked incoherence, lack of systematized delusions, silly affect
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Schizophrenia, catatonic type
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Stupor, rigidity, bizarre posturing, waxy flexibility(decreased response to stimuli and tendency to remain in an immobile posture), and excessive motor activity
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Schizophrenia, paranoid type
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1 or more systemized delusions, or auditory hallucinations with a similar theme
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Schizophrenia, undifferentiated type
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“garbage can” bits of all types
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Schizophrenia, residual type
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Not currently displaying symptoms displayed in the past
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Schizophrenia disorder
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Criteria for diagnosis include psychotic symptoms, deterioration in adaptive functioning, 6 months in duration with active phase lasting 1 month, antipsychotic drugs used to treat
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Brief psychotic disorder
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Symptoms last no longer than 1 month (at least a few hours) with a sudden onset linked to a psychosocial stressor
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Episode lasts less than six months
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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Mixture of symptoms suggestive of both an affective disorder and schizophrenia
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Shared Psychotic Disorder
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Two people share and create a delusional system
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Positive symptoms
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Hallucinations(inaccurate perceptions where auditory stimuli is most common) and delusions (strong beliefs held against strong contrary evidence)
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Negative Symptoms
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Refers to lack of movement or speech
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Antipsychotic medications
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Common side effect is drowsiness or sleepiness
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Tardive Dyskenisia
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Permanent neurological condition that can result from older antipsychotic medications and not taking anything to control EPS side effects
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Manic episode
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Episode last for one week; must have at least 3 symptoms
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Hypomanic episode
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Similar to manic but not severe enough to interfere with functioning; lasts at least 4 days
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Major depressive episode
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Lasting approximately 2 weeks; also change in sleep or eating, fatigue, reduced ability to concentrate, delusions possible
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Mixed episode
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Alternating moods lasting approximately 1 week, must meet criteria for both manic and depressive
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Bipolar I Disorder
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One or more manic episodes, usually with history of depressive episodes (can have psychotic aspects)
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Bipolar II Disorder
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One or more depressive episodes with at least 1 hypomanic episode, no psychosis
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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Persistent mood disturbance lasting at least 2 years, must not be without for 2 months, less severe than bipolar
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Major Depressive Disorder
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1 or more major depressive episodes that last at least 2 weeks
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Dysthymia
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2 year history of depressed mood (constant), must not be without for 2 months, less severe than major depression
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Treatment of Mood Disorders
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Antidepressants (Prozac, paxil, zoloft), tricyclics(imipramine, elavil), lithium (manics), antianxiety, ECT, psychotherapy, anticonvulsants (depakene, depakote, clonzapepam)
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Side Effects of Lithium
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Drowsiness, weakness, nausea and vomiting, fatigue and hand tremor
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Symptoms must last at least 1 month, if more than 6 months after event (delayed onset), must be outside range of usual experience, often relive situation
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Undue persistent worry for at least 6 months about at least 2 or more life circumstances
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Acute Stress Disorder
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Acute reactions to extreme stress, within 4 weeks of the stressor and lasts for 2 days to 4 weeks
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Anti-anxiety medications
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Potentially addictive; Xanax, valium
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Anxiety treatment
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Systemic desensitization and crisis management
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Somatization disorder
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Recurrent and at least 13 somatic complaints (symptoms with no known cause); begins in teens with onset before age 30
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Conversion disorder
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Change or loss in physical functioning that is not due to a physical condition and individual does not have voluntary control of symptoms
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Body Dysmorphic disorder
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Preoccupation with imagined body flaw
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Factitious Disorder with physical symptoms
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Munchausen syndrome-person is creating these physical symptoms for attention
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Factitious Disorder NOS
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Munchausen by proxy-person creating physical symptoms in others for attention
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Dissociate Amnesia
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Sudden inability to remember essential personal information, too extreme to be considered ordinary forgetfulness
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Dissociative fugue
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Abrupt unexpected travel away from home and work
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Dissociative identity disorder
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One person with at least 2 distinct personalities, one is dominant at a particular time; 5 year history of the problem
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Ideas of reference
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Incorrect interpretation of a causal incident as having a particular or unusual meaning to the person
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Delusion of reference
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Beliefs are held with delusional conviction
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Personality disorders with odd/ eccentric behavior
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Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
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Personality disorders with emotional, dramatic, erratic behavior
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Antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, histrionic
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Personality disorders with anxious or fearful behavior
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Avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive
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Borderline intellectual functioning
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IQ 71-84
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Malingering
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Voluntarily produce symptoms in presence of exaggerated voluntary physical symptoms with an obvious recognizable goal
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Normal t-cell count
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Range from 400-1700
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AIDS
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t-cell count falls below 200
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Assessing danger to self
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When ideation and intent are clear, immediately seek/ recommend hospitalization; do not use “no harm/ suicide” contract
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Functional Theory
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Problem solving focus with free will; Jesse Taft and Virginia Robinson
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Psychosexual Theory and Development
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Freud; 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; personality structure has 3 divisions: id, ego, superego
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Oral (stage 1)
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Age birth to 12 months; primary conflict is weaning; outcome-fixation produces passivity, dependence
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Anal (stage 2)
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Ages 1-3 years; primary conflict is toilet training; fixation produces selfishness, ridgidity, stinginess
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Phallic (stage 3)
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Ages 3-6 years; Primary conflict is Oedipus/Electra complex; successful completion results in proper identification with same sex parent and helps develop superego; fixation may result in exploitation of self or others
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Latency (stage 4)
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Ages 6-12 years; focus is on social skills
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Genital (stage 5)
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Ages 12 and up; sexuality becomes focused in mature, genital love and adult sexual satisfaction
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Id
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Libido energy, child like, impulsive
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Ego
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Mediating force, developed in normal adults
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Superego
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Conscience
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Ego Psychology
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Psychodynamic theory; Ana Freud and Eric Erikson; focus on the effect of the conscious and unconscious
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Transference
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Feelings from client to therapist
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Countertransference
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Feelings from therapist to client
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Gestalt Therapy
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Founder is Fritz Perls; focus on the here and now; unexpressed guilt is viewed as “unfinished business”, techniques often include empty chair, dream work, psychodrama, skillful frustration; speak in present tense; use “I” language; avoid why questions (focuses attention away from self)
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Object Relations Therapy
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Human growth and development theory; Mahler and associates; a child must separate from mother/child unit to become member of the family; child uses objects (bear, blanket) to separate from mother;
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Client Centered Therapy
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Human relations theory; founder is Carl Rogers; techniques are active listening and passive, nonjudgmental listening
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Systems Theory
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Work of Pincus and Minahan and Garvin; based upon the belief that society has the obligation to ensure that people have access to resources and opportunities; involves goal oriented planned change, problems are viewed as in the system, not the client
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Family Systems/ Therapy
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Founder is Ackerman; family is the core of treatment, but not dependent on all members participating;
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Communications family therapy
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Founder is Satir and Whitaker; family sculpting;
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Extended family systems
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Bowen; discussed triangulation and that dysfunction can come through several generations; genograms and ecomaps often used
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Structural family therapy
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Minuchin; behaviors are established through changes in transactional patterns; if you improve the process, you improve the family; best for deriving specific outcomes
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Strategic family therapy
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Haley; combination of systems theory, communication theory and behaviorism; focus on action rather than insight
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Behavioral family therapy
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Liberman; focused on behaviorism and social learning theory; behavior modification where behavior is maintained by consequences
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Social Learning theory
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Albert Bandura; learning takes place through observation and reinforcement in the social system; reinforcement is the key to maintaining behavior
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Classical conditioning
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Pavlov; relationship between stimulus and a response is unlearned or prewired (dog salivating to bell ringing), emphasis on antecedents
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Operant conditioning
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Skinner; learning and reinforcement (rats wanting food and learning to press lever to get it) emphasis on consequences
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Reinforcement
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Behavior increase or strengthens
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Punishment
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Behavior decrease or weakens
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Rational Emotive Therapy
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Albert Ellis; cognitive-behavioral treatment; dysfunctional behavior is the result of irrational thoughts/beliefs; ABCDE model
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Problem Solving Model
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Perlman; 4P’s: place, person, problem (stated in specific terms), process; used as the foundation of brief therapy and crisis intervention
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Task Centered
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William Reid; focused on tasks to be completed
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Brief Planned Treatment
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5 essential characteristics: prompt intervention, high level of therapist activity, specific goals, identification and maintenance of a clear focus, setting a time limit
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Crisis Intervention
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Deals with the crisis period and restoring equilibrium (healthy people falling apart); characterized by here and now orientation, time limited, view clients behavior as understandable reaction to stress and the therapist is active and directive; all models follow: assessment, implementation, termination
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Variable
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Any phenomena or characteristic that is free to vary with at least 2 conditions (gender with males and females)
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Constant
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Restricted to a single state (gender with males only)
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Independent variable
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Presumed cause (treatment used)
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Dependent variable
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Presumed effect
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ANOVA
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Analysis of variance; f test; compares the means of more than 2 groups;
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T test
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Compares the means of 2 groups
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Pearson’s R (Rho)
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Compares the association or correlation between two groups
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Chi square test
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Compares the observed value with the expected
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Spearman Rho
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Non-parametric correlational-no strong rules or guidelines
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Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial Development
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Oral/ sensory; Muscular Anal; Locomotor-genital ; Latency; Adolescence; Early Adulthood; Middle Adulthood; Maturity
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Oral/ Sensory stage
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(birth -18 months)- trust and optimism; Trust versus mistrust
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Muscular Anal stage
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(18 months to 3 years)-self assertion, self-control, feelings of adequacy ; Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Locomotor-genital stage
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(3-6 years)-sense of initiative, purpose and direction; Initiative versus guilt
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Latency stage
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(6-12 years)-productivity and competence in physical, intellectual and social skills; Industry versus inferiority
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Adolescence stage
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(12-18 years) integrated self image as unique person; Ego identity versus role confusion
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Early adulthood
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(19-40)-ability to form close personal relationships and make career commitments ; Intimacy versus isolation
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Middle adulthood
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(40-65 years)-concern for future generations; Generativity versus stagnation
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Maturity
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(65-death)-sense of life satisfaction and to face death without despair ; Integrity versus despair
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Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
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Influenced by Piaget’s work; Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, Post Conventional Morality
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Preconventional Morality
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Ages 4-10; stage 1- punishment-obedience orientation; moral judgment with the desire to avoid punishment; stage 2-instrument relativism orientation-motivation is to satisfy own needs
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Conventional Morality
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Ages 10-13; Stage 3-wants to avoid disapproval “good girl, nice boy”;
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Stage 4-law and order orientation, moral judgments are made in fear of perceived legitimate authority
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Postconventional Morality
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Adolescent to adult; Stage 5-legalistic orientation, concerned with fitting in and abiding by social norms; Stage 6-gains a sense of what it means to believe in a universal ethical principle orientation where the conscience determines the criteria for conduct
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Cognitive Development
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Piaget; stages of cognitive development can not be skipped; sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operational, formal operations
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Sensorimotor stage
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Ages birth to 2 years; look to environment to determine sensory information and actions that can be performed; achieve object permanence
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Preoperational thought stage
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Ages 2-7 years; engage in symbolic play and interpretation; achieve irreversibility
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Concrete operational stage
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Ages 7-11 years; can understand abstract symbols; realistic thinking; achieve conservation (mass, weight, volume, liquid)
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Formal operations stage
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Ages 12 and up; develops egocentrism and able to self-admire and self-criticize; full abstract and logical deduction ability is reached; abstract thinking is possible; *only 50% of adults achieve this stage
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Asian Americans
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Generally prefer to not discuss family business with non family members; strong sense of family honor; often emotions are reserved; often less eye contact and emotional expression
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Native Americans
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Believe family matters should be discussed in the tribal group setting only; SW needs to become aware of relevant customs
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Hispanic Americans
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Largest minority group; very different cultural beliefs depending on where they are from (country of origin); children not generally given decision making ability; education and hard work valued; typically Catholic; male pride, purity of women and respect for males is important
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
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Self actualization, esteem needs, belongingness, security, physiological
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