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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infectious Agent for Plague
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bacterium Yersinia pestis.
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Mode of Transmission for Plague
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through the bites of infected rodent fleas.
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Bubonic Plague
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a zoonotic disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas transmission- fleas bite
humans b/c of lack of rats a val, fleas are infected w plague, humans throw up blood w bacteria in it, gives humans plague |
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Pneumonic Plague
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Transmission- airborne or secondary complication
Comes fm bubonic plague as secondary complication and they can spread it airborne b/c the bacteria is in their lungs |
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Septicemic Plague
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least common
transmission- flea bite, 2NDRY complications, contact w body fluids (PPL used to bleed which spread it) |
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Dates of the Black Death
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1347- 1721
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Origin of the Black Death
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Reaches Italy in 1347
comes on merchant ship of people fleeing fm Coffa because they were being attacked by Mongolians. The Mongolians were launching plague infected bodies into their city, so they fled even though they were already infected with plague Stowaway rats carry Plague bacteria |
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Black Deaths introduction to Europe
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The first recorded appearance of the plague in Europe was at Messina, Sicily in October of 1347. It arrived on trading ships that very likely came from the Black Sea, past Constantinople and through the Mediterranean. This was a fairly standard trade route that brought to European customers such items as silks and porcelain, which were carried overland to the Black Sea from as far away as China.
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demographic impact of the Black Death
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Pop. decline
Mortality rates varied- some places hit hard, others not as much 25 million people died in Europe in 5 years (1/3 of population) |
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Flagellant movement
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Self-mortification
Predates the Black Death Men marched from town to town, they would publicly read a letter that was supposedly given to them by angels, take off shirts and whip eachother w metal whips to atone for their sins and the sins of the people SPREAD PLAGUE- people gathered and also took the rags with their blood as souvenirs |
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Scapegoating Jews
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blamed for the plague
said to have poisoned wells Rumor began when it is said that the Black Death is a collaboration b/t the devil & the Jews and they poisoned wells which caused the Black Death Rabi was tired of being tortured so he falsely confessed to these accusations Massacres Fled to Eastern Europe |
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Black Death’s challenge to church authority
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The church was changed drastically as many people began to lose faith the main reason was that the plague was supposedly sent by God ( it wasn't)and people began to question the religion. Also people thought that non-sinners would not be affected and outrage broke out as people realised that more than half of the monks, bishops and so on died as they lived , and slept, so close together. But also the church became even more rich as believers brought potions that were supposed to cure this horrible disease.
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Economic impact of the Black Death
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Higher more elegant economy as a whole b/c of all stuff left by desceased old rich class
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Chronic Disease
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n illness, such as heart disease or asthma, that is ongoing or recurring but is not caused by infection and is not passed on by contact.
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Infectious Agent for Leprosy
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a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
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Mode of Transmission for Leprosy
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The degree of susceptibility of the person
The extent of exposure INTIMACY Environmental conditions.prolonged contact w/ infected person appears to be necessary for transmission. |
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Leprosy symptoms
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disfiguring skin sores, lumps, or bumps that do not go away after several weeks or months. The skin sores are pale-colored. Nasal Congestion Swollen nose
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Leprosy, Norway & nationalism
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Methods Data from the National Leprosy Registry of Norway and population censuses were used. The patient data include year of birth, onset of disease, registration, hospital admission, death, and emigration. The Norwegian data were analysed using epidemiological models of disease transmission and control.
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Leprosy, Hawaii & imperialism
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Out of sight out of mind turn away sent to reserve for being sick a criminal
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leper colony
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stablished at Kalaupapa in
1866 a place to quarantine people with leprosy. |
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Molokai/Kalupapa
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The village is the site of a former leprosy settlement. Settlement was first established in Kalawao in the east, opposite to the village corner of the peninsula. It was there where Father Damien settled in 1873.
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Treponema pallidum
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a Gram-negative spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta and yaws.
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Syphilis mode of transmission
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The primary mode of transmission is by vaginal, anal and oral sexual contact Kissing, sharing of needles and injection equipment, ...
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syphilis stages
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primary- presents w/ a single chancre , secondary- diffuse rash which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, latent- little to no symptoms, and tertiary-w/ gummas, neurological, or cardiac symptoms).
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Syphilis treatment
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treated with antibiotics, specifically the preferred intramuscular penicillin G (given intravenously for neurosyphilis), or else ceftriaxone, and in those who have a severe penicillin allergy, oral doxycycline or azithromycin.
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Congenital syphilis
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syphilis present in utero & at birth, & occurs when a child is born to a mother with 2ndry syphilis. Untreated syphilis results in a high risk of a bad outcome of pregnancy, including mulberry molars in the fetus. Syphilis can cause miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, or death of newborn babies.
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Columbian theory & evidence
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Europe's first-known venereal syphilis epidemic occurred during the years immediately following Columbus's return, fueling a long-held theory that the explorer carried the disease to the continent. Numerous pre-Columbian OW remains appear to show signs of syphilis, including pitted skulls and unnaturally lRg lower leg bones
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Paloepathology
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The study of ancient diseases
understanding the history of diseases, and uses this IN understanding to predict its course in the future. |
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pre-Columbian theory & evidence
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Numerous pre-Columbian OW remains appear to show signs of syphilis, including pitted skulls and unnaturally lRg lower leg bones The finding of bone lesions consistent w/ syphilis in the remains of a medieval woman found in Essex, England, dating to circa 1296-1445 suggest that syphilis was already present there before Columbus discovered the New World.
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Hull friary
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Evidence of syphilis in medieval Europe has been found at the site of a 13-14th century Augustine Friar in North East English port of Kingston upon Hull.
This friary provided medical care including palliative care and burial rites for "wretched souls". The discovery at this first Augustine friary in England, which was destroyed in 1539, of skeletons carbon dated throught the friary existence bear bone lesions typical of tertiary venereal syphilis casts further doubt on the New World origin theory of syphilis.pORT Evidence of syphilis in medieval Europe has been found at the site of a 13-14th century Augustine Friar in North East English port of Kingston upon Hull. The Hull Friary was one of only 40 such houses to be built in England and Wales during the Middle Ages. |
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Unitarian theory
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The unitary theory explains how venereal syphilis, endemic syphilis, yaws and pinta are extremely similar to each other and are just manifestations of the same disease and organism.
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Yaws/bejel
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infections caused by bacteria (called treponemal spirochetes) that are closely related to Treponema pallidum, which causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis.
These very contagious infections are usually spread in areas where hygiene is poor. |
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Bejel
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Bejel affects the mucous membranes of the mouth, then the skin and bones. The initial mouth sore may not be noticed. Moist patches then develop in the mouth. They resolve over a period of months to years. During this time, people have few or no symptoms. Then, lumps develop in long bones, mainly leg bones, and in the tissues around the mouth, nose, and roof of the mouth (palate). These lumps destroy tissue, causing bones to be deformed and disfiguring the face.
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Yaws
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the skin and bones. Several weeks after exposure to Treponema, yaws begins as a slightly raised sore at the site of infection, usually on a leg. The sore heals, but soft nodules (granulomas) form, then break open on the face, arms, legs, and buttocks. The granulomas heal slowly and may recur. Painful open sores on the soles of the feet (crab yaws) may develop, making walking difficult. Later, areas of the shinbones may be destroyed, and many other destructive, disfiguring growths (gangosa), especially around the nose, mouth, and palate,
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Tuskegee study: When & where
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conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in poor, rural black men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government.
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Rosenwald study
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In 1929, the Rosenwald Fund funded a syphilis treatment pilot program in five Southern states that preceded the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study. Unlike the later, non-therapeutic, study, the emphasis was on locating people with syphilis and treating them, during a time when syphilis was prevalent in poor African-American communities.[3] The Fund ended its involvement in 1932, due to lack of matching state funds (a typical requirement in the Fund's endeavors
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Oslo Study
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Begun in 1909 and published in 1928, this study reported on the natural history of untreated syphilis in a group of white males. The racist assumptions then prevalent in American medicine biased physicians to assume that the disease would probably follow a different course in African-American males. Hence many saw value in replicating such a study among blacks in the U.S.
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Salvarsan
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a drug that was introduced at the beginning in the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, and was also used to treat trypanosomiasis. It is an organoarsenic molecule, and was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent.
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Prevalence
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the proportion of a population found to have a condition (typically a disease or a risk factor such as smoking or seat-belt use).
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Incidence
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a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time. Although sometimes loosely expressed simply as the number of new cases during some time period, it is better expressed as a proportion or a rate w/ a denominator.
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Bad blood
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Syphilis became "bad blood," a phrase that Black people of the rural South used to describe a variety of ailments.
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Peter Buxton
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venereal disease interviewer and in- vestigator with the PHS in San Francisco, sent a letter to Dr William Brown,Director of the Di- vision of Venereal Diseases,to express his moral concerns about the experiment.He inquired whether any of the men had been treated properly and whether any had been told the nature of the study.
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polio virus
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a viral illness that, in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms at all (called asymptomatic polio). In the 4% to 8% of cases in which there are symptoms (called symptomatic polio)
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polio strain 1
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a mild form called abortive polio (most people with this type may not even suspect they have it because their sickness is limited to mild flu-like symptoms such as mild upper respiratory infection, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, and a general feeling of being ill)
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polio strain 2
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a more serious form associated with aseptic meningitis called nonparalytic polio (1%-5% show neurological symptoms such as sensitivity to light and neck stiffness)
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polio strain 3
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a severe, debilitating form called paralytic polio (this occurs in 0.1%-2% of cases)
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asymptomatic polio
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a viral illness that, in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms at all (called asymptomatic polio).
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symptomatic polio
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n the 4% to 8% of cases in which there are symptoms (called symptomatic polio)
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IPV (pros and cons)
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IPV is less straightforward to administer and is claimed to be more expensive to deploy than OPV.
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WHO eradication program & barriers
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WHO considers that IPV could have an important role to play in low- to middle-income countries, where polio is particularly difficult to eradicate due to the continued use of OPV.
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OPV(PROS/ CONS)
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the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been an important tool in moving towards global eradication of poliomyelitis, its continued use is associated with the ongoing emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) and the sporadic occurrence of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases. Additionally, sub-optimal and geographically inconsistent seroconversion rates following OPV administration further confound the goal of global eradication
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What is the other name for polio? Why is it called this?
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Infantile paralysis causes complete paralysis, Muscle Weakness,Death
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What time of year did polio epidemics usually occur?
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June- September During the Summer
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Which president got polio? When did he get it? How did it affect him? What is the facility he ran for people with polio?
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1921, Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Remote Georgia Resort
The Georgia Warm Springs Foundation |
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How were funds raised for polio research in the United States? What charitable organization coordinated these fundraising efforts? Where does this name come from?
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Irishmen Bazil O. Conner very Powerful, From the Rich, FDR
Private Charities, The American Public , The March oF dimes |
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How did improved hygiene lead to more cases of polio in the U.S.?
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B/c they would learn the virus entered through the mouth
Spread through contaminated water, Food, Physical Contact, The people born after the cleanup where not immune to polio like those previous born in dirty America |
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Who is Jonas Salk?
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Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first polio vaccine.
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Who is Albert Sabin?
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Albert Bruce Sabin was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.
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When did mass immunization campaigns begin in the United States?
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Press Release 4.26.1956
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What was the Cutter incident?
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On June 23rd, 1955 the American Public Health Service announced that there had been 149 confirmed cases of poliomyelitis among the vaccinated, with six deaths, and 149 cases among the contacts of children given the Salk vaccine, with six deaths We had eighteen monkeys. We inoculated these eighteen monkeys with each vaccine that came in. And we started getting paralyzed monkeys." She reported to her superiors that the lots were Cutter's, and sent pictures of the paralyzed monkeys along as well. "They were going to be injecting this thing into children."
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• What is the timeline for the Black Death?
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1347-1350 Caffa Marcia Genova maples
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• How did the plague reach Europe?
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From China
China found not to kill certain rodents |
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• What were some of the supposed causes of plague?
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Punishment of a angry God
Possibly spread by Air, Food, or Human touch The way God arranged the planets caused Black Death God was acting through an in animate object |
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• What were some of the cures?
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? Fresh Air, Bathe ,
APPLY hot onions to sores Individual pigeons are used to suck the blood from the buboes Sniff flowers keep windows closed changed diet gave up washing |
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• Discuss various ways that European society reacted.
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Desperate not knowing what to do
Some parts of Europe suffered some areas more than others Last rights movement of the church before dying Sketched Abandon on children Violence and Hatred |
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• How did plague change European society?
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Murdered 50 percent
Walled themselves into the city and half pop died Enacted a law to wait 40 days quarantine but half of Venus died Use perfumes customs like gowns protect the body Wore bird hats Evil psychological religious behavior Shattered bond of faith between love ones And then after 3 yrs in 1350 suddenly disappeared Classy |
