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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Missionary Approach |
The approach to colonialism that attempted to incorporate indigenous people into the empire, the Catholic religion, and culture through the formation of sedentary English communities entrusted to missionaries under protection of the state |
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Millenarianism |
Belief held by Christians that there would be a “golden age” of 1000 years where Christ will reign before the final judgment day. This belief was held by the Franciscans in Brazil |
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Martim Afonso de Sousa |
Commanded the first colonizing mission to Brazil. Founded Sao Vicente, one of the first permanent Portuguese settlements in Brazil, and became the first Royal Governor of Brazil |
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Tome De Sousa |
First Governor General of Brazil, Royal Cpataincy of Bahia. Assisted the Jesuits in converting the native population |
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Economic Cycles of Brazil |
a. Wood- “Brazil Wood”- 1500-1530’s b. Sugar- 1530’s-1700- made full transition to empire possible after previous experience with sugar in the Atlantic islands. Northeastern Brazil became the first fully developed plantation zone in the Americas. c. Gold and Diamonds 1750’s-1790’s d. Coffee- Late 1700’s-Early 1900’s |
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Sugar Economy |
Brazil’s sugar economy was due in part to the earlier experiences of the Portuguese in the Atlantic Islands. Sugar would phase out after the Dutch were expelled, bringing their knowledge of the production out to the rest of the Caribbean. |
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Indian Policies of Labor |
a. Crown b. Colonists c. Church |
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Encomendero |
The holder of an encomienda, a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area |
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Mem de Sa |
Third Governor-General of Brazil, He had the support of the Jesuit priests. He also lead the successful expeditions to expel the French from Brazil in 1565. |
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Father Manuel de Nobrega |
One of the first Jesuit priests in Brazil, and was influential in the founding of Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janiero, etc |
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engenho complex |
plantation system made up of specific socioeconomic units used in Brazil for production of Brazil wood and eventually sugar. |
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engenho de agua |
water powered mills as part of the engenho complex of plantations |
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trapiche |
animal powered mills as part of the engenho complex of plantations |
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resgate |
a ransoming system that allowed for incognito enslavement of native Brazilians. |
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Martin Alfonso de Sousa |
leads initial explorations in Brazil in 1530-1533 to model captaincies after the feitorias in the Atlantic Islands |
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Guanabara Bay |
bay in the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro that was established as the first fortifications by Portuguese in the 1560s |
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degredados |
a term for a convict or exile. Many of these 'exiles' were involved in the Portuguese expeditions into Brazil and Africa |
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encomienda |
legal system used during Spanish colonization of the Americas in which natives were unofficially enslaved and worked for the Spanish conquistadors. The natives were used as a reward for the Spaniards |
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New Laws |
passed in 1542 to limit encomienda and provide some rights for the indigenous peoples in the colonies held by Spain in the Americas. The natives would be considered free under the New Laws and would be paid wages in exchange for their service. |
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Feitorias |
Factories or trading posts for merchants carrying on business in foreign lands. |
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Viceroy |
A regal official who runs a country, colony, or city province in the name of their representative monarch. |
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Casa de Contratación (1503) |
Called the “House of Trade”, was a government agency of Spanish Empire that attempted to control all Spanish exploration colonization. |
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Entradas |
An armed incursion of Spanish conquistadors into American territories; basically were raids that were done on the Indian population by the Spanish |
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Johan Maurits van Nassau |
Appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636. Led several expeditions, he extended the Dutch land from Sergipe on the South to São Luís de Maranhão in the north |
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Albert Eckhout |
A Dutch portrait and still life painter. One of the first European artists to paint scenes from the New World |
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Battle of Guararapes |
Two battles, one in 1648 and the other in 1649, between the Dutch and the Portuguese in the state of Pernambuco. |
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Bandeiras |
Portuguese slave-hunting expedition into the Brazilian interior in the 17th century. Went past Treaty of Tordesillas into new lands |
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Franz Post |
A Dutch painter; the first European artist to paint the beautiful landscapes of the Americas, and thus Brazil and the natives. |
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Senhor de engenho |
The master of a particular sugar producing area (Casa Grande) in Brazil. |
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Alvares Cabral |
Regarded as the discoverer of Brazil, he conducted the first expedition of the Northeast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. |
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Lavradores |
Brazilian farmer or planter. They could not process the sugarcane they planted. |
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Father Antonio Vieira |
Known for his Sermon in 1653. It was about the idea of enslavement being unchristian. Showed the Donataries that enslavement was unnecessary and would be the road to Hell |
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Pernambuco |
The largest and first major Captaincy of Brazil. Pernambuco was granted to Duarte Coelho. Known for its surplus of Brazilwood Trees |
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Pau Brasil |
Wood from the Brazilwood Trees that are found around the coast of Brazil. Important good as it was a rare kind of wood that Europe would pay a lot for. Used for making bows for stringed instruments among other things. |
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Hans Staden |
A German soldier who was enslaved by the Tupinamba tribe of Brazil. He was able to free himself and return back to Europe. |
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Safra |
Harvest Time in Brazil. Normally several months long and started in July |
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Evangelization |
The conversion to Christianity. There were early experiments that occurred with the Reconcentration of Indians. It was important as it was one of the objectives for Portuguese conquest. |
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Franciscans |
People and groups who adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of Saint Francis of Assisi. Also applied to members who adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. They believe in the coming of 1000 years of earthly perfection. |
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Duarte Coelho |
He was the first grantee of the Captaincy of Pernambuco and founder of Olinda |
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captaincies |
was the division of the Portuguese colonial empires by King John I of Portugal. The territories were broken into 15 captaincies in Brazil.all had access to the sea and no western limitations. |
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donataries |
were the men who received the captaincies and had a large extent of power in the land such as Duarte Coelho |
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“Obedezco pero no cumplo” |
a slogan adopted by many of those who shared administrative power in Latin America. It means “I obey but do not execute” and reveals how many felt about some of the laws created by the Portuguese ruler who did not understand the real issues in Latin America |
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Natural Law |
The Natural Law was established by Aristotle who dedicated that some sort of people were born subordinate to those who would rule them. This argument was used by Sepulveda |
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Hatuey |
was a native rebel in Hispaniola who attempted to escape the Spaniards. He was burned at the stake and was given the option to redeem himself as a Christian but refused |
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Antonio de Montesinos |
gave a speech that led to Las Casas changing his view on the indigenous rights. Montesinos argued famously “Are these not men?” |
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patronato |
was what the control that the Spanish crown had over the Catholic Church in Latin America. |
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sugar cane |
was the big economic cycle in Brazil during 1530s-1770s. It was processed and grown all in Brazil and then transported to Europe for its mass consumption. |
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Bahia |
a captaincy that did well initially. Became the capital of Brazil 1549-1763. Became Brazil’s prime sugar region |
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Estado de India |
rading complex around the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese relied on this and their other colonies instead of Brazil, that’s why Brazil was colonized so late |
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Tupi |
language. On Brazilian coast. Spoken by the Tupinamba (French allies) and Tupinkins (Portuguese allies) |
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Seculars |
priests that do not belong to any particular order |
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Regulars |
members of religious order (ex. Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustines) most evangelization done by them |
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Bartolome de Las Casas |
Dominican friar, experience in Americas. Debated with Sepulveda about how natives should be treated and their standing in society. |
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Syncretism |
mixing of indigenous religions and Catholic. The Indigenous peoples would commonly add deities into their religions. Europeans saw this as idolatry and punished them. |
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Philip II |
king of Spain, became king of Portugal. Left administration of Portugal and empire largely to Portuguese themselves |
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Sepulveda |
Never went to Americas. Says Indians are barbarians, and can force them to convert. Uses Aristotle’s natural law- a greater race rules over a lesser one. |
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Law of Burgoes |
resettlement of natives into new villages (congregations); conditions of work and payment for encomienda Indians |
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Nicolás de Ovando |
a spanish soldier who was governor of the Indies. Known for his brutal treatment of the native Taíno population |
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Council of the Indies Bartolomé de Las Casas |
The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire. Had legislative, executive, and judicial functions. Became the New Laws |
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Vasco de Quiroga |
First Bishop of Michoacán, Mexico and one of the judges of the second Audiencia that governed New Spain |
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Black Legend |
Style of historical writing or propaganda that demonizes the Spanish Empire |
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Royal Tribunal (audiencia) |
Highest tribunal of the Spanish crown. In Mexico. Talked about corruption |
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exocannibalism |
The eating of flesh outside one's close social group (eating the enemy) |
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transactional go-between |
Translators, negotiators, and cultural brokers |
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Tlatelolco College |
Established by the Franciscans in the 1530s. First European school of higher learning in the Americas |
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Dutch West India Company |
A chartered company that was granted trade monopoly in the West Indies |
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Paulistas |
inhabitants of the captaincy of Sao Vicente |
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mamelucos |
slaves that were trained for the military |
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aldeia (new village) |
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Minas Gerais |
State formed as colonists found gold, gems, and diamonds |
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Xica da Silva |
Woman who became powerful despite having been enslaved |
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Corregidores |
A local, administrative, and judicial official in Spain and its empire. |
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Congregacion |
Community of secular priests dedicated to the practice of church ministries |
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Bad Indian policy |
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Monçoes |
Monsoons |
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Doctrina |
doctrine? |
