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47 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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1. The spinal cord is an extension of the _____________?
2. Through what opening in the skull does the spinal cord exit the cranial cavity? 3. Through what flat bone of the skull is this hole found? 4. At what level of the vertebral column does the spinal cord end? 5. What is the name of the cone-shaped structure that the spinal cord ends as?? |
1. brain
2. foramen magnum 3. occipital 4. L1 or L2 5. Conus medullaris |
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6. Which 2 meninges extend to the level of S2?
7. Which other meninx extends and anchors to the posterior coccyx? 8. What is the name for this structure (answer to #7)? 9. Which meninx is responsible for anchoring the spinal cord within the vertebral column? 10. This meninx forms what structure (answer to #9)? |
6. Arachnoid mater & dura mater
7. Pia mater 8. Filum terminale 9. Pia mater 10. Denticulate ligaments |
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11. What is found within the layers of the meninges?
12. Name 2 methods for extracting this. 13. Which method is used during childbirth? 14. How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? 15. What hole does the spinal cord travel down? |
11. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
12. Lumbar tap & saddle block/caudal anesthesia 13. Saddle block/caudal anesthesia 14. 31 15. Vertebral foramen |
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16. What holes do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?
17. The spinal cord is relatively uniform in size except for 2 enlargements, where are they found? 18. What is the name of the group of spinal nerves that travel w/ the spinal cord before they can exit? 19. What does the spinal cord look like in cross-section? 20. The outer lighter colored area of the spinal cord is the _____________________. |
16. Intervertebral foramen (singular) / intervertebral foramina (plural)
17. Cervical & thoracic regions of the spinal cord 18. Cauda equine 19. A butterfly or the letter “H” 20. White matter |
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21. The inner darker colored area of the spinal cord is the _____________________.
22. When you think of the different areas of dark matter think of ______________. 23. When you think of the different areas of white matter think of ________________. 24. What are the 2 posterior projections of gray matter called? 25. What type of neurons do you find there? |
21. Gray matter
22. Horns 23. Funiculi (plural) / funiculus (singular) 24. Posterior horns 25. Interneurons (or association neurons |
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26. What type of fibers (aka myelinated axons) do you find there (answer to #24)?
27. What do you call the 2 side projections of gray matter? 28. What kinds of neurons do you find there? 29. Which specific division of the nervous system do these neurons belong to? 30. The lateral horns of gray matter are only found in which divisions of the spinal cord? |
26. Axons of sensory neurons
27. Lateral horns 28. Motor neurons 29. Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 30. Thoracic & lumbar |
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31. What are the 2 anterior projections of gray matter called?
32. Which types of neurons are found there? 33. To which specific division of the nervous system do they belong to? 34. What structure connects the 2 vertical regions (or wings of the butterfly)? 35. What is found in the center of it? |
31. Anterior horns
32. Motor neurons 33. Somatic Nervous System 34. Gray commissure 35. Central canal |
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36. What fluid is found coursing through it?
37. Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found? 38. The fibers (aka myelinated axons) of these sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through what? 39. The axons of the motor neurons of the lateral & anterior horns of gray matter leave the spinal cord through what structure? 40. So what do you find in the dorsal root? |
36. CSF
37. Dorsal root ganglion 38. Dorsal root 39. Ventral root 40. Axons of sensory neurons |
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41. And what do you find in the ventral root?
42. The dorsal root and ventral root fuse together to form what? 43. The outer lighter colored area of the spinal cord is called what? 44. The different areas of white matter are called? 45. The white matter is nearly split in half by 2 grooves, name them. |
41. Axons of motor neurons of the Somatic nervous system & the sympathetic division of the ANS
42. Spinal nerve 43. White matter 44. Funiculi 45. Anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus |
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46. Which one is found in the front of the spinal cord?
47. Which one is found in the back of the spinal cord? 48. What is the white matter made up of? 49. There are 3 regions of white matter (aka funiculi) – name them. 50. Each funiculus contains fiber tracts with axons with the same ____, _____, & ______. |
46. Anterior median fissure
47. Posterior median sulcus 48. Myelinated fibers 49. Anterior, lateral, & posterior funiculi 50. Origin, terminus, & function |
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51. What is the name of fiber tracts going to the brain called?
52. What is the name of fiber tracts leaving the brain called? 53. Spinal nerves are considered purely sensory, purely motor, or mixed nerves? 54. Cervical spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord above or below the same-numbered vertebrae? 55. How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
51. Ascending/sensory tracts
52. Descending/motor tracts 53. Mixed nerves 54. Above the same-numbered vertebrae 55. 7 |
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56. How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
57. In between what 2 structures does the first cervical spinal nerve emerge from? 58. The rest of the spinal nerves (thoracic, sacral, lumbar) emerge from the spinal cord above or below the same-numbered vertebrae? 59. Spinal nerves split into structures called _________. 60. What are the 2 rami called? |
56. 8
57. The base of the skull (occipitus) & C1 58. Below the same-numbered vertebrae 59. Rami 60. Ventral & dorsal rami |
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61. Dorsal rami serve what part of the body ONLY?
62. The ventral rami of which spinal nerves serves the lateral & anterior body trunk? 63. These ventral rami are known as the ________________________ nerves. 64. The ventral rami of all other spinal nerves form complex nerve networks called _______________. 65. How many plexuses are there? Name them. |
61. Posterior trunk
62. Thoracic (specifically T2-T12) 63. intercostals 64. plexuses 65. 4; cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral |
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66. So spinal nerves from which division of the spinal cord DO NOT form plexuses?
67. So which is responsible for forming plexuses, dorsal or ventral rami? 68. Plexuses divide again to form ___________________. 69. The cervical plexus arises from the ventral rami of which spinal nerves? 70. What is the major peripheral nerve of the cervical plexus? |
66. Thoracic (T2-T12)
67. Ventral rami 68. Peripheral nerves 69. C1-C5 70. Phrenic nerve |
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71. Fibers from which spinal nerves are responsible for making this nerve?
72. What does this peripheral nerve innervate? 73. How many major peripheral nerves does the brachial plexus have? 74. Which peripheral nerve of this plexus has the most limited distribution (shoulder only)? |
71. C3, C4, C5 (“keep the diaphragm alive”)
72. Diaphragm 73. 5 74. Axillary nerve |
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76. What is the major peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus?
77. What areas of the body does it innervate? 78. What is the largest nerve in the body? 79. To which plexus does this nerve belong? 80. In the popliteal region this nerve divides into 2 other nerves – name them (be able to ID them). |
76. Femoral nerve
77. Lower abdominoplevic area & anterior thigh 78. Sciatic nerve 79. Sacral plexus 80. Tibial & common fibular nerve |
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81. Which of these 2 is more lateral?
82. Which of these 2 is more medial? 83. Which division of the nervous system is referred to as the “voluntary nervous system?” 84. Which division of the nervous system is referred to as the “involuntary nervous system?” 85. The autonomic nervous system innervates what 3 things? |
81. Common fibular nerve (b/c over the fibula – the lateral bone of the leg)
82. Tibial (b/c over the tibia – the medial bone of the leg) 83. Somatic nervous system 84. Autonomic nervous system 85. Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & internal glands |
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86. What does the somatic nervous system innervate?
87. In the somatic nervous system where are the nerve cell bodies of motor neurons found? 88. What 2 things comprise the central nervous system? 89. The autonomic nervous system consists of a chain of 2 _____________ neurons. 90. What is the 1st neuron called? |
86. Skeletal muscle
87. The CNS (i.e. the lateral horns of gray matter) 88. Brain & spinal cord 89. Motor 90. Preganglionic neuron |
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91. What is the 2nd neuron called?
92. Where is the nerve cell body of the 1st motor neuron found? 93. The axon of the 1st neuron leaves the __________ nervous system to synapse with the 2nd neuron. 94. Where does the axon of the 2nd neuron go? 95. What are the 2 divisions of the ANS called? |
91. Ganglionic neuron
92. CNS 93. CNS 94. To the organ it serves 95. Sympathetic & parasympathetic |
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96. What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?
97. What is another name for sympathetic nervous system? 98. What is the name of the group of structures that produces tears and moves them across the eyeball? 99. How many structures are found in this group? Name them. 100. Where are tears produced? |
96. Craniosacral division
97. Thoracocolumbar division 98. Lacrimal apparatus 99. 5; lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct 100. Lacrimal gland |
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101. Where is the lacrimal gland located in relation to the eyeball itself?
102. When tears are excreted onto the surface of the eyeball, which direction do they move to drain? 103. Through what structures do tears drain from the surface of the eyeball? 104. After passing through those tiny holes, what structure do they enter? 105. After entering the lacrimal canaliculi, what structure do the tears enter? |
101. Superior & lateral to the eyeball itself
102. Medially 103. Lacrimal puncta 104. Lacrimal canaliculi 105. Lacrimal sac |
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106. After entering the lacrimal sac, what structure do the tears drain into?
107. After entering the nasolacrimal duct, where do tears go from there? 108. What are tears composed of? 109. What is the name of the antibacterial enzyme found in tears? 110. What is the proper name for the eyelids? |
106. Nasolacrimal duct
107. Nasal cavity 108. Dilute salt solution & lysozyme 109. Lysozyme 110. Palpebrae |
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111. What is the name of the junction where the upper and lower palpebrae come together?
112. How many commissures does 1 eye have? Name them. 113. What structure do you find on the medial commissure? 114. What lines the palpebrae? 115. What type of membrane is it? What does it secrete? |
111. Commissures
112. 2; medial commissure & lateral commissure 113. Lacrimal caruncle 114. Conjunctiva 115. Mucous membrane; mucus |
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116. What is the term for “inflammation of the conjunctiva?”
117. What is the name of row of hairs extending from the edge of the palpebrae? 118. What is the name of the sweat glands found between the eyelash hair follicles? 119. What is the name of the large sebaceous gland found in the palpebrae? 120. What is the name of the condition of an inflamed ciliary gland or small sebaceous gland? |
116. Conjunctivitis
117. Eyelashes 118. Ciliary glands 119. Tarsal gland 120. Sty |
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121. How many extrinsic eye muscles are there? Name them.
122. Where is the superior rectus found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it? 123. Where is the inferior rectus found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it? 124. Where is the medial rectus found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it? 125. Where is the lateral rectus found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it? |
121. 6; superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
122. On top of the eye; up and medially; CN III – oculomotor 123. Below the eye; down and medially; CN III – oculomotor 124. Medial part of eye; medially; CN III – oculomotor 125. Lateral part of eye; laterally; CN VI – abducens |
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126. Where is the superior oblique found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it?
127. Where is the inferior oblique found? How does it turn the eyeball? Which CN controls it? 128. So which 4 of the extrinsic eye muscles are under control of one CN? Which CN is it? 129. Which extrinsic eye muscle is under control of CN IV (trochlear)? 130. Which extrinsic eye muscle is under control of CN VI (abducens)? |
126. Top & medial part of eye; down and laterally; CN IV – trochlear
127. Bottom & lateral part of eye; up and laterally; CN III – oculomotor 128. Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, & inferior oblique; CN III 129. Superior oblique 130. Lateral rectus |
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131. How many layers comprise the wall of the eye?
132. What is the outermost layer of the eye called? The middle? The inner? 133. What 2 structures make up the fibrous layer? 134. What is considered the “white of the eye” and makes up most of the fibrous layer? 135. What is considered the most anterior part of the fibrous layer and is transparent? |
131. 3
132. Fibrous layer; uvea = vascular layer; inner neural layer 133. Sclera & cornea 134. Sclera 135. Cornea |
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136. What is the name of the middle layer? Is it vascular or avascular?
137. What part of the uvea consists of a dark pigment that prevents light from scattering? 138. What makes up the anterior part of the uvea? Name its parts. 139. What controls the shape of the lens? 140. What secretes aqueous humor? |
136. Uvea; vascular
137. Choroid 138. Ciliary body; ciliary muscles and ciliary processes 139. Ciliary muscles 140. Capillaries of the ciliary processes of the ciliary body |
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141. The very most anterior part of the uvea is called the pigmented _______________.
142. What is the name of the tiny hole that passes through the iris? 143. How many layers of smooth muscle make up the iris? Name them. 144. Which layer contracts in bright light and close vision? 145. Which layer contracts in dim light and distant vision? |
141. Iris
142. Pupil 143. 2; circular layer and radial layer 144. Circular layer 145. Radial layer |
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146. Which layer is responsible for the pupil constricting (getting smaller)?
147. Which layer is responsible for the pupil enlarging (getting bigger)? 148. What is the name of the inner layer of eye called? How many layers make it up? 149. What is the name of the outer layer of the retina? The inner layer of the retina? 150. What are the 2 photoreceptors? |
146. Circular layer
147. Radial layer 148. Retina; 2 149. Outer pigmented epithelium; inner neural layer 150. Rods and cones |
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151. Photoreceptors are found all over the retina except for one place. Name it.
152. Why is this called the blind spot? 153. What is the name of the “yellow spot” next to the blind spot? 154. What is the name of the tiny pit found inside this “yellow spot?” 155. Which photoreceptor is found in high density in this tiny pit? What are they responsible for? |
151. Optic disc/blind spot
152. Where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball 153. Macula lutea 154. Fovea centralis 155. Cones; color and high visual acuity |
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156. What structure is responsible for focusing light on the retina?
157. What holds the lens in a vertical position? 158. What controls the shape of the lens? 159. What structure divides the inside of the eye into a front and a back? 160. What is the name of the space in front of the lens? Behind the lens? |
156. Lens
157. Suspensory ligament or the ciliary zonule 158. Ciliary muscles 159. Lens 160. Anterior segment; posterior segment |
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161. What is the name of the subdivisions of the anterior segment? What structure causes this?
162. What fluid is found in the anterior segment? What produces it? What resorbs it? 163. What fluid is found in the posterior segment? When is it produced? 164. What is the name of the condition when the retina and optic nerve are compressed? 165. What is the name of the condition when the lens hardens or becomes cloudy? |
161. Anterior chamber and posterior chamber of the anterior segment; the iris
162. Aqueous humor; capillaries of the ciliary processes of the ciliary body; sclera venous sinus 163. Vitreous humor; only formed before birth 164. Glaucoma 165. Cataracts |
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166. The retina is composed of how many layers? Name them.
167. How many different cell populations are found in the inner neural layer? Name them from outermost to innermost. 168. What is the name of the specialized receptors for dim light? Where are they found in high density? Where does there presence taper to barely nothing? 169. What is the name of the specialized receptors for color and high visual acuity? Where are they found in the highest density? Where does there presence taper to barely nothing? 170. Which layer of the 3 different cell populations does the light hit first? 2nd? 3rd? |
166. 2; outer pigmented epithelium and inner neural layer
167. 3; ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors cells (i.e. rods and cones) 168. Rods; periphery of retina; near the macula lutea 169. Cones; macula lutea; periphery of the retina 170. Ganglion cells; bipolar cells; photoreceptor cells |
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171. Which cell undergoes changes in membrane potential to affect the surrounding cells? Which surrounding cells are affected by this?
172. The axons of which cells leave the retina in a tight bundle of fiber? What nerve does it leave as? 173. Nearsightedness is known as ___________; farsightedness is known as _______________. 174. Which focuses the image in front of the retina? Behind the retina? 175. The ear can be divided into 3 parts. Name them. |
171. Photoreceptor cells (i.e. rods and cones); ganglion cells and bipolar cells
172. Ganglion cells; optic nerve 173. Myopia; Hyperopia 174. Myopai; hyperopia 175. Outer, middle, and inner ear |
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176. The outer ear runs from ___________ to ____________.
177. What is the cartilaginous structure that we recognize as the ear called? 178. The outer ear is made up of what 2 structures? 179. What is the name of the tube that runs towards the ear drum? 180. What is the name of the glands found in this tube? What do these glands secrete? |
176. Auricle/pinna to the tympanic membrane
177. Auricle/pinna 178. Auricle/pinna & external acoustic meatus/external auditory canal 179. External acoustic meatus/external auditory canal 180. Ceruminous glands; wax |
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181. What is the name of the part of the auricle below the tube called?
182. Which bone of the skull is this tube carved into? 183. What is the proper name for the eardrum? 184. The middle ear runs from _________ to __________. 185. The middle ear is a small chamber called the _________________________. |
181. Lobule
182. Temporal 183. Tympanic membrane 184. Tympanic membrane to oval window 185. Tympanic cavity |
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186. What is found there? Name them.
187. What is the name of the tube that is responsible or equalizing pressure in the middle ear and the external environment? 188. Vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transferred across the ossicles to what structure? 189. The inner ear is composed of bony parts and membranous parts. Name these parts. 190. What are the 3 bony parts called? |
186. Ossicles; malleus, incus, stapes
187. Pharnygotympanic/auditory/Eustachian tube 188. Oval window 189. Bony labyrinth & membranous labyrinth 190. Cochlea, vestibule, & semicircular canals |
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191. What fluid is found inside the bony labyrinth? Inside the membranous labyrinth?
192. Which bony part looks like a snail shell? What is the name of its membranous labyrinth? 193. What structure is found in the membranous labyrinth that contains the hair cells? 194. What are the hearing receptors for the cochlea? 195. What bony part is made up of 3 bony loops? What is the name of its membranous labyrinth? |
191. Perilymph; endolymph
192. Cochlea; cochlear ducts 193. Spiral organ of Corti 194. Hair cells in the spiral organ of corti 195. Semicircular canals; semicircular ducts |
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196. What are the enlarged ends of the semicircular ducts called? What is found there?
197. What are the receptors for dynamic equilibrium? 198. What is the bony part called found between the semicircular canals and the cochlea? What is the name of its membranous part? 199. What are the receptors for static equilibrium? 200. Which part of the inner ear is involved in hearing? Static equilibrium? Dynamic equilibrium? |
196. Ampulla; crista ampullaris = hair cells covered in cupula (gel cap)
197. Hair cells in the crista ampullaris 198. Vestibule; saccule & utricle 199. Hair cells embedded in otolithic membrane in the maculae of the vestibule 200. Cochlea; vestibule; semicircular canals |
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201. Do reflexes illicit a motor or sensory response to a stimulus?
202. What is the name of the neural pathways that reflexes are conducted through? 203. What are the 2 main types of reflexes? 204. Through what divisions of the nervous system is each reflex mediated by? 205. What do autonomic reflexes stimulate? What activities are autonomic reflexes responsible for? |
201. Motor
202. Reflex arc 203. Autonomic/visceral & somatic 204. Autonomic nervous system for autonomic/visceral reflexes & somatic nervous system for somatic reflexes 205. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands; sweating, salivating, digestion, elimination, and blood pressure |
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206. What do somatic reflexes stimulate?
207. Which type of reflex stimulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands? 208. Which type of reflex stimulates skeletal muscle? 209. How many components of a reflex arc are there? Name them. (KNOW THE ORDER) 210. Which component is where the stimulus occurs? |
206. Skeletal muscle
207. Autonomic/visceral reflexes 208. Somatic reflexes 209. 5; receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector 210. Receptor |
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211. What carries the afferent impulse to the CNS?
212. What part of the reflex arc is found in the CNS? 213. What part of the reflex arc carries the motor impulse away from the CNS? 214. To what structure does the motor neuron carry the efferent impulse? 215. What are effectors? What do they do when they are stimulated? |
211. Sensory neuron
212. Integration center 213. Motor neuron 214. Effector 215. Muscles or glands; Muscles contract and glands secrete substances |
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216. Most reflex arcs consist of how many neurons? What are these reflex arcs usually called?
217. What is the name of the reflex arc consisting of one or more interneurons? 218. Which somatic reflex involves tapping the patellar ligament? What area of the spinal cord does it asses? 219. Which somatic reflex tests the integrity of the 1st 2 sacral segments? What do you have to tap to illicit this somatic reflex? 220. What cranial nerves are involved in the gag reflex? |
216. 2; monosynaptic
217. Polysynaptic 218. Patellar or knee-jerk reflex; L2- L4 219. Ankle-jerk or Achilles reflex; Calcaneal tendon 220. Cranial Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) and cranial nerve X (Vagus) |
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221. What is the name of the structures that allow us to respond to changes inside and outside our bodies?
222. What is the name of the sensory receptor that responds to stimuli in the external environment? The internal environment? 223. Are simple cutaneous receptors exteroreceptors or interoreceptors? Where are they found? 224. Which special interoreceptor is associated with skeletal muscle only? 225. What are general sensory receptors usually made up of? |
221. Sensory receptors
222. Exteroceptors; interoceptors 223. Exteroceptors; skin 224. Proprioceptor 225. Dendritic endings or cells associated with dendrites |
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226. What is the least specialized cutaneous receptor found in the skin?
227. Are free nerve endings associated with motor or sensory neurons? 228. Where are free (naked) nerve endings found? To what stimuli do they respond? 229. What is the name of the free nerve endings associated with Merkel cells? 230. What is the name of the free nerve endings associated with hair follicles? |
226. Free (naked) nerve endings
227. Sensory neurons 228. Epidermis; pain and temperature 229. Merkel discs 230. Hair follicle receptors |
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231. In what part of the skin are hair follicle receptors found? To what stimuli do they respond?
232. What are “tactile receptors?” 233. What part of the skin are they found? To what stimuli do they respond? 234. What general sensory receptor responds to deep continuous pressure and stretch? In what part of the skin are they found? 235. What general sensory receptor responds to initial deep pressure and vibrations? In what part of the skin are they found? 236. What general sensory receptor responds to pain and temperature? In what part of the skin are they found? 237. What general sensory receptor responds to light touch and hair movement? In what part of the skin are they found? |
231. dermis; light touch and hair movement
232. Meissner’s corpuscles 233. Dermis; light touch 234. Ruffini’s corpuscles; dermis 235. Pacinian corpuscles; dermis 236. Free (naked) nerve endings; epidermis 237. Meissner’s corpuscle’s; dermis |
