Large Animal Test Ii

Front 1

Cow

Back 1

Female that has had one or more calves

Front 2

Bull

Back 2

Intact male

Front 3

Calf

Back 3

Newborn of either sex

Intact male that has not reached sexual maturity

Front 4

Calve

Back 4

To give birth

Front 5

Heifer

Back 5

Female w/o a calf

Front 6

Steer

Back 6

Neutered male

Front 7

Freemartin

Back 7

Genetic female born twin to a male

Front 8

Are freemartins sterile?

Back 8

Yes

Front 9

Why are freemartins sterile?

Back 9

Arrested dev of the reproductive tract

Front 10

Which are freemartins more common in: cattle or sheep and goats?

Back 10

Cattle

Front 11

Polled

Back 11

Born w/o horns

Front 12

Shrink

Back 12

Weight loss

Front 13

What causes shrink?

Back 13

Stress

Transportation

Weaning

Front 14

Freshen

Back 14

To give birth (dairy)

Front 15

Pasteurize

Back 15

Flash heating to kill bacteria

Front 16

Homogenize

Back 16

Blending tq to prevent cream from separating from milk

Front 17

Feedstuffs definition

Back 17

Any component of a diet (ration) that serves a useful function

Front 18

What are some feedstuff functions?

Back 18

Provide source of nutrients and energy

Combined to produce rations

Modify characteristics of diet

Front 19

Eight classes of Feedstuffs (IN ORDER)

Back 19

1. Dry roughages

2. Pasture and range grasses

3. Ensiled roughages

4. High energy concentrates

5. Protein sources

6. Minerals

7. Vitamins

8. Additives

Front 20

Dry roughages

Back 20

>18% crude fiber

<70% total digestible nutrients

Front 21

Dry roughages examples

Back 21

Hay

Straw

Chaff

Corn cobs

Cottonseed hulls

Sugarcane byproducts

Paper and wood byproducts

Front 22

Pastuer and range grasses

Back 22

Grazed/dormant/growing plants

Soilage

Green chop

Cannery residues

Food crop residues

Front 23

High energy concentrate

Back 23

Expensive

Front 24

HEC examples

Back 24

Cereal grains

Beet and citrus pulp

Molasses

Roots and tubers

Animal/marine/vegetable fats

Front 25

Protein supplements

Back 25

>20% crude protein

Front 26

Protein supplement sources

Back 26

Animal/avian/marine

Milk and byproducts

Legume seeds

Urea

Ammonia

Front 27

Mineral+Vitamin supplements

Back 27

Must be digestible by target animal

Vitamin concentration varies greatly b/w animal or plant tissues

Front 28

Vit concentration in plants is affected by

Back 28

Harvesting

Processing

Storing

Front 29

Good sources of animal vit concentration are

Back 29

Liver and kidney

Front 30

Additives definition

Back 30

Non-nutritive ingredients added to stim growth/performance/improve efficiency of feed

Front 31

Examples of additives

Back 31

Antibiotics

Antifungals

Antimicrobials

Probiotics

Buffers

Colors

Flavors

Hormones

Enzymes

Front 32

Are additives added in large quantities?

Back 32

NO, small only!

Front 33

Three methods for estimating nutritional value of a feed

Back 33

1. Chemical Analysis

2. Digestion and balance trials

3. Feeding trials

Front 34

Which of the three methods is the best?

Back 34

Feeding trials

Front 35

Chemical analysis problem

Back 35

Doesn't estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed

Front 36

Chemical analysis

Back 36

Subdivides components of the feedstuff into the general groups

Front 37

Digestion and balance trial problem

Back 37

Not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue

Front 38

DaB Trials

Back 38

Measures digestibility of feed by measuring feed consumption and fecal excretion over a period of time

Front 39

Feeding trials

Back 39

Evaluates growth, egg production, wool/milk production

Front 40

Feeding trials are done before the other two methods?

Back 40

Usually, yes

Front 41

Porcine

Back 41

Pertaining to pigs

Front 42

Are pigs monogastric omnivores?

Back 42

Yes

Front 43

Sow

Back 43

Adult female

Front 44

Boar

Back 44

Adult male

Front 45

Piglet

Back 45

Young

Front 46

Farrow

Back 46

To give birthq

Front 47

Gilt

Back 47

Sexually mature female w/o a litter

Front 48

Barrow

Back 48

Castrated male

Front 49

General guidelines for pigs and water

Back 49

1-1.5qts of H2O/1lb of feed consumed

Front 50

Do lactating sows require more water?

Back 50

YES

Front 51

Does water quality affect the amount pigs will drink?

Back 51

Yes

Front 52

Where do nursing pigs get most of their energy?

Back 52

Fat and sugar in milk

Front 53

Where do growing pigs get most of their energy?

Back 53

Cereal grains

Front 54

Where do sows/finishing pigs get most of their energy?

Back 54

VFA (volatile fatty acids) from large intestine

Front 55

Ten essential amino acids (PVT TIM HALL)

Back 55

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

Front 56

What is the first limiting amino acid?

Back 56

Lysine

Front 57

Is corn high in lysine?

Back 57

No, low lysine content in corn

Front 58

What is used to supplement lysine?

Back 58

Soy meal

Front 59

Ca/P is found in what sources?

Back 59

Limestone

Oyster shells

Front 60

Inadequate amounts of NaCl in swine diet suppresses what?

Back 60

Feed intake

Front 61

Do pigs require Iodine supplementation?

Back 61

Yes

Front 62

Why do pigs require Iodine supplementation?

Back 62

Soybean and grain food sources are deficient

Front 63

Is Fe injected into piglets?

Back 63

Yes

Front 64

Why is Fe injected into piglets?

Back 64

The mother's milk is deficient

Front 65

How long does the Fe injection last?

Back 65

Three weeks

Front 66

Is Mg present in the diet?

Back 66

Yes

Front 67

Why is Zinc supplemented?

Back 67

To prevent parakeratosis

Front 68

Vitamin A and swine diet

Back 68

Supplemented because corn is deficient

Front 69

Vitamin D and swine diet

Back 69

Absent in feedstuffs

Front 70

What are good sources of Vitamin D?

Back 70

Sunlight

Sun cured hays

Fish oils

Front 71

Is Vitamin E required throughout the life of the pig?

Back 71

Yes

Front 72

What are good sources of Vitamin E?

Back 72

Legume hay

Green forage

Cereal grains

Front 73

Is Vitamin K synthesized in hind gut fermentation?

Back 73

Yes

Front 74

Amino acid deficiency symptoms in pigs

Back 74

Anemia

Edema

Immuno compromise

Impaired growth

Front 75

Parakeratosis symptoms in pigs

Back 75

Horny scales on skin

Front 76

When does Parakeratosis occur?`

Back 76

Between the 6-16th weeksq

Front 77

Why does Parakeratosis occur?

Back 77

Low zinc and high calcium diet

Front 78

When should pigs be flushed?

Back 78

1-2 weeks before breeding

Front 79

How many lbs of milk per piglet do pigs produce?

Back 79

2.5lbs milk/piglet

Front 80

What is the source of all nutrients for nursing pigs for the first two weeks?

Back 80

Mother's milk

Front 81

Are sheep ruminant herbivores?

Back 81

Yes

Front 82

Ewe

Back 82

Female of reproductive age

Front 83

Ram

Back 83

Intact male of reproductive age

Front 84

Lamb

Back 84

Young of either sex

Front 85

Wether

Back 85

Neutered adult male

Front 86

Mutton

Back 86

Adult sheep meat

Front 87

Is water a limiting nutrient?

Back 87

Yes

Front 88

Water requirements (gal/lbs of dry feed consumed)

Back 88

1gal H2O/4lbs dry feed consumed

Front 89

When do sheep have high energy needs?

Back 89

Immediately before and after lambing

Flushing ewes and rams

Finishing lambs

Front 90

Enterotoxemia type D causes in sheep

Back 90

Stress

Sudden diet changes

Front 91

Enterotoxemia type D symptoms

Back 91

Intestinal toxins present in blood

Front 92

When should lambs be vaccinated for enterotozemia type D?

Back 92

Before weaning

Front 93

Urinary calculi and sheep causes

Back 93

Ca/P ration imbalance

Decreased water intake

Front 94

How long are ewes flushed?

Back 94

4-6 weeks

2 weeks prior to breeding and 2-3 weeks after breeding

Front 95

Are goats ruminant herbivores?

Back 95

Yes

Front 96

Doe

Back 96

Female goat

Front 97

Buck

Back 97

Intact male goat

Front 98

Kid

Back 98

Baby goat of either sex

Front 99

Wether

Back 99

Castrated male

Front 100

Do goats pick and choose their meal?

Back 100

Yes

Front 101

Where is excess fat stored in goats?

Back 101

Around internal organs

Front 102

Do goats consume more dry matter than other livestock species?

Back 102

Yes

Front 103

Do goats store excess protein?

Back 103

No

Front 104

What are goat sources of protein?

Back 104

Soybean meal

Fish meal

Cottonseed meal

Sunflower meal

Front 105

Should goats have free choice of salt?

Back 105

Yes

Front 106

What is the vitamin goats are likely to be deficient in?

Back 106

Vitamin A

Front 107

Cause of Goat enterotoxemia

Back 107

High intake of immature succulent forage

Clostridium perfringens type D

Front 108

Urinary calculi in goats

Back 108

Ca/P rations are unbalanced

Front 109

Phase feeding program

Back 109

Changing the diet of the animal based upon the nutritional requirements of a particular life stage

Front 110

Phase one occurs when

Back 110

First ten weeks of lactation

Front 111

What is fed in Phase one?

Back 111

Increased grain (energy)

Protein supplementation

Increased concentrates and fats (energy)

Sodium bicarbonate buffer

Front 112

When does Phase 2 begin and how long can it last?

Back 112

10 weeks post calving

Can continue to the 20th week

Front 113

What to feed in Phase 2?

Back 113

Lower protein levels

Adequate fiber levels

Limited grains

Frequent feeding

Front 114

When does Phase 3 begin?

Back 114

"Late lactation period"

The cow is pregnant again

Front 115

What to feed in Phase 3?

Back 115

Increased amounts of forage

Less protein

Front 116

When does Phase 4 occur?

Back 116

Most of the dry period

Front 117

What BCS do you want in Phase 4?

Back 117

3.5 out of 5

Front 118

What to feed in Phase 4

Back 118

Protein, energy, and Ca/P needs are high

Combo of legume-grass hay, corn silage

Limit protein needs

Front 119

When does Phase 5 occur?

Back 119

Last 1-3 weeks of dry period

Front 120

What to feed in Phase 5?

Back 120

Gradual increase in grains

Decrease Ca in milk fever prone cows

Front 121

Fat cow syndrome symptoms

Back 121

High blood lipids

Fatty liver

Calving difficulties

Displaced abomasum

Ketosis

Front 122

Biological cycle nutritional goal

Back 122

Optimal nutrition, not max nutrition

Front 123

How long is the biological cycle?

Back 123

1 year

Front 124

How many periods in the biological cycle?

Back 124

Four

Front 125

What are the four periods?

Back 125

Three trimesters

One postpartum period

Front 126

First trimester begins

Back 126

1st day of conception

Front 127

How long does the first trimester last?

Back 127

95 days

Front 128

What are the nutrient needs of a cow in the first trimester?

Back 128

Maintenance and lactation if there is a calf

Front 129

Does milk production increase in the first trimester?

Back 129

No, decreases.

Front 130

Second trimester lasts how long?

Back 130

95 days

Front 131

When is the best time to increase a thin cow's BCS?

Back 131

Second trimester, as energy requirements are the lowest they will be

Front 132

Third trimester lasts how long?

Back 132

95 days

Front 133

Should the BCS be watching carefully?

Back 133

Yes

Front 134

Why should the BCS be watched in the third trimester?

Back 134

Cow gains 1lb a day

Front 135

What happens to too thin cows in the third trimester?

Back 135

Dystocia

Weak calves

Decreased milk production

Front 136

How long does the Postpartum period last?

Back 136

80 days

Front 137

What are the nutritional requirements of a postpartum cow?

Back 137

High lactation requirements

Feed intake is 35-50% higher

Front 138

What happens if there is nutrition stress in the postpartum period?

Back 138

Problems with the cow's next breeding

Front 139

What are the grazing systems

Back 139

1. Continuous grazing

2. Deferred rotational grazing

3. Rest rotation

4. Short duration grazing

Front 140

What is the continuous grazing system?

Back 140

Graze one area for entire season

Front 141

What is the deferred rotational grazing?

Back 141

A four pasture system that allows one pasture a year to rest and not be grazed

Front 142

What is the rest rotation grazing system?

Back 142

Uses 3-5 pastures with one pasture not grazed for an entire year

Front 143

What is the short duration grazing?

Back 143

8-40 pastures grazed intensively for 2-3 days, then resting for several weeks

Front 144

Where was the short duration grazing system developed?

Back 144

France

Front 145

Cattle nutritional disorders

Back 145

Pasture Bloat

Grass tetany

Nitrite toxicity

Fescue toxicity

Asthma

Front 146

Pasture bloat cause

Back 146

Lush legumes

Front 147

Pasture bloat treatment

Back 147

Insert stomach tube into rumen and put in anti-foam material

Front 148

Grass tetany cause

Back 148

Low Mg levels in the blood

Front 149

Grass tetany symptoms

Back 149

Excitability

Acting blind

Front 150

Grass tetany treatment

Back 150

Free choice Mg supplements

Front 151

Nitrite toxicity cause

Back 151

Intake of nitrite too high to convert to ammonia

Front 152

Nitrite toxicity sumptoms

Back 152

Hemoglobin in blood changes and cannot carry oxygen

Cow dies from asphyxiation

Front 153

Nitrite toxicity treatment

Back 153

Injection (IV) of Methylene Blue

Front 154

Fescue toxicity cause

Back 154

Consuming endophytic fungus

Front 155

Fescue toxicity sumptoms

Back 155

Soreness in hind limbs

Hooves and tail slough off

Hypersalivation

Polyuria

Front 156

Astma cause

Back 156

Moving cattle from dry areas to lush meadow pastures

Front 157

When does asthma occur?

Back 157

4-5 days after diet change

Front 158

Asthma symptoms

Back 158

Labored, open mouthed breathing

Extended neck

Grunting

Front 159

Asthma prevention

Back 159

Slowly intro cattle to new pasture

Supplement with monensin

Front 160

Is there treatment for bovine asthma?

Back 160

No

Front 161

Average daily weight gain of beef cattle is?

Back 161

2lbs

Front 162

When are beef cattle moved to a feedlot?

Back 162

800-900lbs

Front 163

Beef grading system (IN ORDER)

Back 163

1. Prime

2. Choice

3. Select

4. Standard

Front 164

What is the beef grading system based on?

Back 164

Marbling/firmness/color at slaughter

Front 165

What is the cost benefit ration?

Back 165

If medical care cost exceeds investment return it is not a viable option

Front 166

Beef feed conversion ratio

Back 166

8-10lb feed/lb gain

Front 167

Hogs feed conversion ratio

Back 167

3-6lb feed/lb gain

Front 168

Poultry feed conversion ratio

Back 168

2lb feed/lb gain