Large Animal Gi Test 1

Front 1

This cow has inflammation of its oral mucosa.

Stand-out clinical signs are a necrotic odor, increased salivation, and vesicles/ulcerations may be present.

This condition is caused by a chemical irritants, physical trauma, & infectious etiologies.

Back 1

Stomatitis

Front 2

This bacteria is a normal inhabitant of the mouth/rumen and will cause pathology when there are breaks in the oral mucosa due to course feeds, grass awns, etc.

Stand-out clinical signs are tongue protruding from mouth where base is hard/painful/nodular. And small ruminants may have granulomatous lesions on lips/nose/face.

Diagnose where crush pus on a slide to see sulfur granules and gram - rods.

Back 2

Wooden Tongue
"Actinobacillus lignieresii"
Gram - rods

Front 3

Treatment of Wooden Jaw?

Back 3

Intravenous 10-20% sodium iodide solution, repeat in 7-10 days.

Sulfas and tetracycline

Prognosis is good if the tongue softens within 48 hours of treatment.

Front 4

This cow will have osteomyelitis of the mandible.
The jaw will be hard and swollen and associated lymph node enlargement may have fistulous tracts.

Pus contains yellow granules.

Back 4

Lumpy Jaw
"Actinomyces bovis"
Gram + bacteria

Front 5

This cow will have difficulty swalllowing, swelling of the throat latch area, and malodorous breath, with dyspnea.

Due to improper use of balling gun, ingestion of sharp objects.

Treat with NSAIDS and penicillin.

Back 5

Traumatic Pharyngitis

Front 6

This cow is throwing its head from side to side while attempting to swallow.

This is an emergency situation and the cow may stagger because of anoxia due to bloat.

Usually acidotic due to loss of bicarb and excessive salivation.

Back 6

Choke

Front 7

Extraluminal causes of bloat

Back 7

cellulitis from injections

abscesses or enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, tumors, pneumonia

Hypoderma lineatum larva

constriction from previous bloat

Front 8

Intraluminal causes of bloat

Back 8

foreign bodies (pears, apples)

boluses of dry grain especially small ruminants

Front 9

Places where things get stuck in choke

Back 9

post pharyngeal

thoracic inlet

base of heart

Front 10

Treatment of bloat

Back 10

rumen trocar if bloated

sedation with xylazine

manually remove object, use wire to retract, pass stomach tube to push it

rumenotomy and pass wire loop up esophagus

trocarize rumen and sedate, give 24 hours to see if resolves on own

Front 11

Typically subtle signs but stand-outs are painful when walking/lying down/or pressure over right posterior rib. Abscess may rupture causing thrombosis in caudal vena cava --> ascites, diarrhea "CAUDAL VENA CAVA SYNDROME"

sudden death from rupture of abscess-->severe dyspnea and open mouth breathing or pulmonary thrombosis can cause epistaxis out nose

Back 11

Liver absesses

"Fusobacterium necrophorum"
"Actinomyces pyogenes"

Front 12

Recently fresh overly fat dairy cow (was BCS of 4 or greater at calving)

dull, depressed, off feed with decreased milk production

ketotic, may have neurological signs

Back 12

Fat Cow Syndrome

Front 13

Small ruminant dam (sometimes cattle) in last trimester of gestation that is either fat or thin and there's a negative energy balance due to glucose drain from multiple feti on dam.

dull, anorexic, weak, staggering, vague neurological signs, ketotic

Back 13

Pregnancy Toxemia

Front 14

Cow just placed on lush pasture (frothy bloat) or just got into large amount of concentrates (free gas bloat)

Cow with distention of left paralumbar fossa above rib and tuber coxae.

Distention may also cause her to bulge on right side depending on severity.

Cow exhibits signs of colic, frequent getting up and down, stretched out neck, stretched out back legs.

Open mouth breathing, cyanosis, collapse, and death.

Back 14

Bloat--ruminal tympany

Front 15

small bubbles trap gas resulting in froth --> due to lush legumes or alfalfa hay (cow just placed on lush pasture) or eating high concentrate/grain diets

Back 15

Frothy Bloat

Front 16

1) due to excessive gas production and lowered ruminal pH , results in decreased rumen motility and eructation (from grain overload)

2) failure to eructate from extraruminal causes allowing gas accumulation (esophageal obstruction or postural bloat where cardia is submerged below ruminal gas cap)

Back 16

Free-gas bloat

Front 17

Treatment of Bloat

Back 17

1) passage of stomach tube..free gas bloat then gas will come out, if none then apply suction and look at tube for froth...if so give poloxalene, mineral oil, dish washing soap

2) tocarization--if in resp distress, place left paralumbar fossa or emergency rumenotomy to remove froth

3) extraruminal bloat then rumenotomy and suture wall to skin leaving fistula. place trocar and leave in place a month

4) treat for acidosis with sodium bicarb or magnesium hydroxide if pH below 5.5

Front 18

6 year old dairy cow that is off feed and down on milk. she caved 4 weeks ago and had no problems until recently. she picks at hay and won't eat grain. rumen motility is reduced 1/2 contraction/min and no pings are heard. grunt test weakly positive. pinch test positive where failed to bow back and grunted. CBC shows inflammation and infection.

she stands with an arched back and abducted elbows.

"can see signs of congestive heart failure, distended jugulars, edema if pericardial sac involvement--muffled heart sounds, washing machine sound"

Back 18

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
"Hardware disease"

Front 19

dairy cow that freshened 2 weeks ago. fine yesterday and low in milk today and anorexic. she has very little rumen motility with gassy pings. stools are on the loose side. negative on grunt test. cow slightly ketotic.

Back 19

Simple Indigestion

Front 20

A cow gets into the grain shed and eats an excessive amount of these carbs. Her rumen is atonic and bloated with a sloshy fluid feel. She's dehydrated with elevated HR/RR. She is having difficulty walking and is recumbent.

Back 20

Rumen Acidosis
"Grain Overload"
"Lactic Acidosis"

Front 21

In examining a cow with a GI problem, you notice feces that contain quite a few fiber fragments larger than match sticks.This will result in.....?

The cow has progressive rumen distention due to these sticks hindering passage of ingesta from the reticulorumen or abomasum.

Typically see a "Papple Shape"....distention of dorsal paralumbar fossa and distention of lower right abdominal quadrant.

Decreased fecal output.

Back 21

Vagal Indigestion

Front 22

Two syndromes of Vagal indigestion

Back 22

1) Omasal transport failure--more common...atony of reticulorumen due to chronic recurrent bloat. normal to increased rumen motility causing hypermotility where contractions aren't synchronized so mixing/outflow is disrupted. Distention of forestomachs with abomasum/omasum empty. INAPPETANCE WITH GROSS DISTENTION OF RUMEN IN LEFT FLANK

2) Pyloric outflow failure--accumulation of fluid in abomasum and omasum. rumen chloride content increases due to internal vomiting of abomasal reflux and rumen becomes distended over time with fluid with motility decreasing. get dehydration, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis bc of decreased outflow into SI. ---predisposing factors of abomasal volvulus, displacements, late pregnancy

Front 23

Lack of cud chewing, ketonuria/acetone on breath, last two ribs sprung

Will auscult gurgling or tinkling , tiny ping between tuber coxae and elbow

Scant feces, liptak test oh fluid.....abomasal pH 2-4, rumen pH 5.5-8, paradoxical acidurea

Back 23

Simple abomasal displacement left or right

Right torsed--shock signs, cool extremities, abdominal distention, borborygmi absent

Floating da--no pings

Front 24

Anorexia, depression, abdominal distention in lower right abdomen, decreased fecal output, rumen chloride elevated

Back 24

Abomasal impact ion

Front 25

classically--melena and dark tarry feces

Colic, anemia, decreased milk production, decreased rumen motility

Back 25

Abomasal ulcer

Signs vary based on severity of ulcer and perforation

Front 26

Dairy cow in early lactation that is debilitated, shocky, pale mm

Progressive abdominal distention ESP on lower right side, reduced fecal output, colicky sughns

Low pitched pings in lower right quadrant from distended bowel loops

Back 26

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Can be suddenly dead from massive hemorrhage

Front 27

Painful colicky of sudden onset, depressed, anorexic

Abdomen slowly distends over several days

Rectal palpation--feel a firm tubular mass

Back 27

Intussusception

Front 28

Acute onset and rapid progression, very painful, rapid abdominal enlargement

Pings in right para lumbar fossa

Rectal palpation feel distended mass

Back 28

Small intestinal volvulus, torsion of root of mesentery

Poor prognosis!

Front 29

Anorexia, drop in milk, scant feces, signs of colic

High pitched ping over right para lumbar fossa from ribs to tuber coxae

Back 29

Cecal dilation and torsion

Rectal palpation will feel dilated cecum

Front 30

Newborn calf normal first day or two then becomes depressed, off feed.

No feces observed, gradual distention of abdomen, straining to defecate

Pigs may go several weeks...very distended

Females may have rectovaginal fistula

Back 30

Atresia ani, recti, coli

Front 31

Predisposing factors for rectal prolapse

Back 31

Seen in ruminants/swine

Pneumonia and coughing

Causing persistent straining: coccidiosis, rectal tears, rabies, colitis

Sheep with closely docked tail

Feeding finely ground feed and ruminant diets high in grain

Vaginal or uterine prolapse

Piling of pigs when cold

Front 32

Bacteria associated with hemorrhagic bowel disease

Back 32

Clostridium perfringens type A

May also have Aspergillus fumigatus

Front 33

Common in channel island breeds (jersey, guernsey). Usually subclinical and feel it on rectal palpation

Signs related to intestinal obstruction--weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal enlargement (cause discomfort)

Back 33

Fat necrosis

Front 34

Calf, kid, piglet 1-4 days old

Profuse watery diarrhea with no straining. (secretory diarrhea)

Rapid course with death maybe occurring in 6-12 hours

Back 34

Enteric colibacillosis

Histopath--sheets of gram neg bacilli adhered to villus enterocytes of SI mucosa

Front 35

Clinical signs developing when colostral immunity declines.
Calf 4-14 days old
Lamb/kid less than a week
Pigs 1-6 weeks, around weaning

Initially bright yellow or greenish pudding like feces then watery. (malabsorptive leading to osmotic diarrhea)

Back 35

Rotavirus

A-calves
B-lambs
A,B,C,E-swine

Front 36

Histopath/Necropsy of rotavirus

Back 36

Shortening, blunting, fusion of villi with loss of columnar villus epithelium (Confined to SI)

Moderate intestinal distention with liquid contents, gut wall thinning, absence of lacteals

Front 37

Neonatal pig less than 2 wks age with profuse white/yellow diarrhea, wet tails (malabsorptive diarrhea)

Post weaning age with Similar signs but recovery unless really stressed--group affected endemically

Back 37

Transmissable gastroenteritis of Swine

Agent-Coronavirus

Front 38

Necropsy/Histopath of TGE Coronavirus

Back 38

Fluid SI distention, jejunal/ileal thinning, no visible lymphatics

Severe villus atrophy

Front 39

Calf 5-30 days old

Feces containing mucous, milk curds, and maybe blood (malabsorptive)

Back 39

Coronavirus in calves (affects SI and colon)

More severe than rotavirus

Front 40

piglet aged 1-14 days old (most severe if 1-5 days old) with bloody diarrhea (rare) or sudden death!!

Back 40

Clostridial Scours in pigs
"Clostridium perfringens type C"

Front 41

diagnosis of Clostridial scours

Back 41

release of enterotoxin resulting in necrosis of small intestinal microvilli and desquamation of epithelial cells--get hemorrhage in lumen and necrosis of SI leading to peritonitis

so will see gross lesions in small intestine with subserosal and luminal bleeding for acute disease, excessive blood tinged pleural and peritoneal fluid

can see gram positive rod colonies in mucosa

Front 42

Type C: most common cause of acute fatal hemorrhagic enteritis of neonatal lambs/kids and calves 1-10 days of age----will see diarrhea, dysentery, colic, opisthotonus, tetany

Type D is overeating disease of lambs (reported in cattle, goats, sheep)---sudden death is what you usually see, can have neurologic signs before, glycosuria in sheep but not cattle

Back 42

Enterotoxemia in ruminants
"Toxigenic type Clostridium perfringens"

Front 43

calf between 1-3 weeks of age with diarrhea, tenesmus, anorexia, weight loss, and depression (malabsorption diarrhea)

Back 43

Cryptosporidiosis
"Cryptosporidium parvum"

Front 44

ruminant 3-4 weeks of age or older that was hanging around a wet spot in the field.

diarrhea with mucous and strands of mucosa +/- blood (usually no blood in lambs, kids)

often see tenesmus with slight rectal prolapse

malabsorptive diarrhea

Back 44

Coccidiosis
"Eimeria bovis and zuernii in calves"
"Eimeria arloingi in kids"
"Eimeria ovina in lambs"

Front 45

piglet 5 days to 3 weeks (most signs 7-11 days of age)

will see yellow-tan to gray pasty diarrhea becoming watery, dehydrated, and unthrifty

will so poor growth!!

Back 45

Coccidiosis in pigs
"Isospora suis"

Front 46

usually see in post-nursery age groups (growers and finishers) with gray mucoid feces initially then bloody, mucoid diarrhea (undigested blood)

emaciation and poor growth (malabsorption diarrhea)

Back 46

Swine Dysentery
"Brachyspira hyodysenteria"
"Treponema hyodysenteria"

lesion confined to cecum and spiral colon (hence undigested blood)

Front 47

Pig with watery, yellow diarrhea often with necrotic debris (can be bloody)

survivors may be stunted with poor growth and have rectal strictures
(malabsorption & secretory diarrhea)

Back 47

Salmonellosis
Swine Paratyphoid
"Salmonella cholerasuis"--host adapted
"Salmonella typhimurium"

Front 48

Necropsy of Salmonella pig

Back 48

inflamed and thickened ilium and colon (SI and LI), fibrinous adhesions, mucosal hemorrhages, button ulcers, peritoneal fluid

cows--will see enlarged, hemorrhagic mesenteric lymph nodes

Front 49

calf usually between 10 days and 3 months of age but all ages can be affected.

start out with watery diarrhea then progesses to diarrhea with shreds of mucosa, fibrin casts, or frank blood. has a putrid foul odor

can have signs of septicemia

acute protein losing enteropathy, extreme weight loss

abortions

Back 49

Salmonellosis
"Salmonella typhimurium, dublin, newport, muenchen, copenhagen"

Salmonella dublin is host adapted to cattle

Front 50

seen commonly in grower and finishing pigs with poor growth.

mild diarrhea or watery mucoid to bloody diarrhea (malabsorption)

can see sudden death with intestinal hemorrhage in breeding age animals

Back 50

Porcine proliferative enteritis
"Lawsonia intracellularis"

Front 51

can see an apparently healthy animal found dead!!

pig may be anemic, pale, weak, with increased RR

grinding teeth, anorexia, bloody tarry feces, "coffee grounds" in vomit, weight loss

Back 51

Gastric ulcers in swine

Front 52

1) Subclinical: most common, anorexia, fever, serous nasal discharge, leukopenia, life long immunity, recover in 10 days unless 2ndary invader

2) Acute BVD: seen in feedlot cattle, acute gastroenteritis (fever, no rumen motility, watery diarrhea +/- blood), respiratory signs

3) Infection of naive pregnant cattle:
first trimester has decreased conception, abortion/resorption/repeat breeder
2nd/3rd with fetal anomalies (cerebellar hypoplasia, dysmyelinogenesis, lenticular cataracts)
fetuses infected between 80-120 days with noncytopathic biotype may be aborted or resorbed, may be immunotolerant (poor doers)

fetuses infected after 150 days either die and are aborted, or survive and develop a humoral response and seropositive at birth

4) mucosal disease: occurs ONLY in immunotolerant cattle, signs 6-18 months of age due to decline in maternal antibody

5) Type II BVD: high temps 106-107, anorexia, decreased milk production, resp distress, death in 48 hours, no mucosal lesions

Back 52

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Front 53

Necropsy of BVD cows

Back 53

Type 1: multifocal erosions of all segments of GI tract esp esophagus and SI, necrosis of peyer's patches and depletion of lymphoid nodules in lymph nodes and spleen

Type II: viral septicemia, pulmonary hemorrhages and edema

Front 54

acute contagious diarrheal disease of adult cattle

can have explosive light tan to dark brown diarrhea with +/- blood

anorexia, depression, acute drop in milk, afebrile

rapid onset with 10-15% affected 1st day and 20-40% second day

Back 54

Winter Dysentery
"Coronavirus"

Front 55

bovine clinical onset between 2-5 years of age with chronic weight loss, will have a good appetite with intermittent/persistent diarrhea

advanced cases with debilitation, dehydration, weakness, and ventral edema

hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia

small ruminants 1 year or older with chronic weight loss, diarrhea is not a common presentation

Back 55

Johne's Disease
"Mycobacterium paratuberculosis"

intracellular, slow grower in culture

malabsorption, PLE, granulomatous enteritis

ileum most affected!!