Language Science Test 2 Set 2

Front 1

The idea that a word meaning can sometimes be
broken down into smaller meaning
components

Back 1

Semantic features

Front 2

What are some common semantic features?

Back 2

animacy (alive or not?)
humanness (human or not?)
concrete (concrete or abstract?)
number (singular, plural, etc?)

Front 3

The model that demonstrates that semantic features are attached to the lexical entries. Lexical entries are stored in a hierarchy

Back 3

the hierarchical model

Front 4

Part of hierarchical model that states that properties are stored only once and at the highest node possible.

Back 4

Principle of cognitive economy

Front 5

Part of hierarchical model that states that Every category member has an equal status in relation to the category.

Back 5

Equal link length hypothesis

Front 6

Part of hierarchical model that states that a node cannot be linked to more than one superordinate node.

Back 6

Strict Hierarchy Assumption

Front 7

The category size effect states that in a statement of the form An A is a B or An A has B, the higher the location of B in the hierarchy in relation
to A, the _____________ the reaction time.

Back 7

longer

Front 8

The typicality effect states that when asking a question items that are more typical of a given subordinate take_________ time to verify than atypical items in true statements; When verifying true/false statements, items that are more typical of a given subordinate take ________ time to verify than atypical items in a true statement.
Ex: A whale is a fish vs. A horse is a fish vs Which is a more typical bird? Ostrich or Robin.

Back 8

less , more

Front 9

Give an example of problems associated with the hierarchical model.

Back 9

The Typicality Effect: Robin and ostrich occupy the same relationship with bird,
but people verify “a robin is a bird” faster than “an ostrich is a bird”

Front 10

a linguistic device that refers to someone or something that has been mentioned in the previous context.

Back 10

Anaphor

Front 11

Identify the anaphor in the following example
I got a new puppy yesterday. The little darling slept with me last night.

Back 11

The little darling

Front 12

A clause that modifies the noun

Back 12

Relative clause

Front 13

A clause selected by a verb,noun or adjective that is an argument of the verb

Back 13

Complement Clause

Front 14

The following sentence contains which type of clause: The florist who sent the flowers (was very pleased).

Back 14

Relative clause (was very pleased modifies the noun florist)

Front 15

The following sentence contains which type of clause: I heard the evidence (that he didn't do the crime)

Back 15

Complement Clause (that he didn't do the crime is an argument for I heard)

Front 16

Lexical decision is dependent on ______

Back 16

word frequency

Front 17

Frequent words are __________ to retrieve

Back 17

easier

Front 18

In the Hierarchical Model, lexical nodes are related to semantic features via _____________

Back 18

property links

Front 19

The term that describes using an expression to refer back to something previously mentioned in discourse

Back 19

Anaphoric Reference

Front 20

What are the steps of the cohort model?

Back 20

1. After hearing a sentence acoustic phonetic analysis of the input leads to a set of lexical items chosen.
2. All other sources of info (frequency, context) may influence the selection of the target word from the cohort.
3. One member of the cohort remains & The selected word is the then fitted into discourse.

Front 21

In the Lexical Decision task of morphological structure, do pseudo-multi morphemic words or real multi-morphemic words take longer for lexical decision?

Back 21

Pseudo-multi morphemic words

Front 22

What frequency of words are recognized faster?

Back 22

More frequent words

Front 23

When people "mis-hear" they err in the direction of ____________ frequent items

Back 23

more

Front 24

When a word presented earlier activates another semantically related word

Back 24

Semantic priming

Front 25

In Meyer & Schvaneveldt's Lexical Decision Task Prime Target Lexical decision time test, they found that responses are faster for _______ ________ words.

Back 25

semantically associated

Front 26

A wh- clause that modifies a noun, merely describes a noun

Back 26

relative clause

Front 27

A notional sentence or predication that is a predicate of an argument

Back 27

complement clause

Front 28

What are the three steps of the cohort model?

Back 28

1. activate a set of possible candidates
2. narrow the search to one candidate
3. integrate single candidate into semantic and syntactic context

Front 29

What is the point at which a word is unambiguously different from other words and can be recognized?

Back 29

recognition point

Front 30

How do we identify thematic roles & phrases in the sentences being processed?

Back 30

“At the semantic level, we identify the semantic of thematic roles played by various words in the sentence”

Ex: The actor thanked the audience.

actor = agent of action
audience = recipient of action

Front 31

The short-lived, surface or verbatim form of a sentence that is stored in working memory only until its meaning is understood, then purged to make room for the next sentence.

Back 31

Surface Representations

Front 32

What is the exception to the rule of Surface Representations?

Back 32

We can remember exact wording of some material when it is distinctive and easily separable from the rest of discourse.
Ex: announcements, jokes & asides in the classroom

Front 33

We often store the meaning of sentences in the form of propositions. This is the representation that occurs after the purging of the exact wording of the sentence. The number of propositions influence the time required to read a passage when preparing to recall it.

Back 33

Textbook/Propositional Representations

Front 34

matches of underlying concepts previously introduced into the discourse (repetition of concepts)

Back 34

direct matching

Front 35

require the hearer to review previous information in a discourse to provide coherence with a current item

Back 35

bridging

Front 36

represent the state of affairs that a text refers to. the assumption is that as we comprehend the propositions of a text, we construct a mental or situational model of the world as described by the text.

Back 36

situational/mental model

Front 37

Explain how bridging is used to understand the following sentences: Last Christmas Eugene went to a lot of parties. This Christmas he got very drunk again

Back 37

bridging inference that he was drunk at those parties last Christmas

Front 38

Is bridging a forward or backward inference?

Back 38

Backward

Front 39

An inference made immediately after a piece of text is encountered, whether or not it is needed for coherence

Back 39

Elaborate inference

Front 40

How would we make an elaborate inference for the following examples?
Alex accidently dropped his wine glass on the carpet vs.
Alex accidently dropped his wine glass on the stone patio.

Back 40

We would infer that Alex would do something to clean the wine more immediately for sentence 1 than for sentence two. (Remember that elaborate inference are made about what happens after the sentence)

Front 41

Are elaborate inferences forward inferences or backward inferences?

Back 41

Forward inferences

Front 42

What is the nature of memory for discourse comprehension?

Back 42

Comprehension and memory are closely related, much of the work needed to remember a passage is accomplished when we understand it well.

Front 43

What are the three levels that our memory for discourse exists on?

Back 43

surface representation (words used), propositional representation (meaning apart from exact words used), and situational model (state of affairs of world)

Front 44

links between words and other words in discourse (info needed for the interpretation of one item is found elsewhere in the text)

Back 44

reference

Front 45

The woman lost track of her little boy at the mall. SHE became very worried. What kind of reference is She?

Back 45

Pronominal

Front 46

THAT was the worst exam I had all term. What kind of reference is That?

Back 46

Demonstrative

Front 47

It’s the SAME band we heard last week. What kind of reference is same?

Back 47

Comparative

Front 48

replace one lexical item with another as an alternative to repeating the first

Back 48

substitution

Front 49

I wish I had more talent. My sister has a lot MORE than I do. More is an example of what kind of substitution?

Back 49

Ellipsis

Front 50

Melissa flunked out of school, SO she is looking for a job. What kind of substitution is so?

Back 50

Conjunction

Front 51

a tie is made between one sentence or phrase and another by virtue of the lexical relationships between certain words in the sentence, we merely reiterate the same word used earlier

Back 51

Lexical cohesion

Front 52

What is the following sentence an example of? I saw a boy with the spelling bee. The LAD was delighted afterward.

Back 52

Synonymy

Front 53

What is the following sentence an example of? I saw a boy win the spelling bee. The CHILD was delighted afterwards.

Back 53

Hyponymy

Front 54

What is the following sentence an example of? I saw a child win the spelling bee. The BOY was delighted afterwards.

Back 54

Hypernomy