Language And Thought

Front 1

Problems of Inducing Structure

Back 1

relations among #'s, words, symbols, ideas

Front 2

Problems of Arrangement

Back 2

arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion

Front 3

Problems of transformation

Back 3

carry out a specific sequence to carry out a specific goal

Front 4

Corpus Callosum

Back 4

the structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 5

Irrelevant information

Back 5

don't think all quantative info is relevant in problem solving

Front 6

Functional Fixedness

Back 6

the tendency to percieve an item only in terms of its most common use

Front 7

Mental Set

Back 7

exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategy that have worked on the past

Front 8

Unnecessary constraints

Back 8

imposed by problem solver

Front 9

Problem Space

Back 9

refer to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver

Front 10

Forming subgoals

Back 10

intermediate steps toward a solution

Front 11

Working Backwards

Back 11

start with end

Front 12

Searching For Analogies

Back 12

fild similarities

Front 13

Changing Representation of Problems

Back 13

strip away irrelevence

Front 14

Algorithms

Back 14

procedure that always produce a correct solution

Front 15

Heuristics

Back 15

"rules of thumb" that produce quick solutions at the cost of possible errors

Front 16

Inductive Reasoning

Back 16

specific to general

Front 17

Deductive Reasoning

Back 17

general to specific

Front 18

Decision Making

Back 18

evauluating alternatives and making choices among them

Front 19

Theory of Bounded Rationality

Back 19

people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal

Front 20

Additive Strategy

Back 20

list attributes that influence decision

Front 21

Elimination-By-Aspects

Back 21

make choices by gradually eliminiating less attractive alternatives

Front 22

Risky Decision Making

Back 22

making choices under conditions of uncertainty

Front 23

Representative Heuristic

Back 23

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Front 24

Availabiliy Heurisitic

Back 24

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Front 25

Conjunction Fallacy

Back 25

people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Front 26

Fast and Frugal Heuristic

Back 26

making fast decisions under demanding circumstances with limited information

Front 27

Gamblers Fallacy

Back 27

the belief that the odds of a chance event increases if the event hasn't occured recently

Front 28

Improbable Bias

Back 28

people tend to overestimate the likelihood of dramatic, vivid events that recieve heavy media coverage

Front 29

Confirmation Bias

Back 29

the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs

Front 30

Overconfidence Effect

Back 30

people put too much faith in their estimates, beliefs, and decisions, even when they should know better

Front 31

Semantic Slanting

Back 31

deliberatly choosing words to create specific emotional responses

Front 32

Name Calling

Back 32

labeling and categorizing people or groups

Front 33

Language

Back 33

symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages

Front 34

Phonemes

Back 34

smallest speech units

Front 35

Morphemes

Back 35

smallest units of meaning in language

Front 36

Semantics

Back 36

area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations

Front 37

Syntax

Back 37

system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences

Front 38

Reflexive communication

Back 38

coos, laughs, cries

Front 39

Babbling

Back 39

verbalizes in response to speech of others

Front 40

First Words

Back 40

uses words typically to refer to ojects

Front 41

Linguistic Relitivity

Back 41

hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought

Front 42

Whorf's Hypothesis

Back 42

different languages lead people to view the world differently

Front 43

Strong Version

Back 43

a given language makes certain ways of thinking obligatory or impossible

Front 44

Weak Version

Back 44

a language makes certain ways of thinking easier or more difficult