Laboratory Exam #2

Front 1

which direction will a neural impulse (action potential) travel through the sensory neuron?

Back 1

From the pain receptors to interneuron from interneuron to the muscle fibers

Front 2

What is the amygdala part of? What is this part of the brain linked to?

Back 2

Amygdala pis part of the limbic system, is linked to emotional reactions such as fear and anger.

Front 3

What is involved in controlling fine movements and initiating movement?

Back 3

Basal ganglia or basal nuclei

Front 4

What are the basal ganglia or basal nuclei involved in controlling?

Back 4

Fine movements and initiating movements

Front 5

What are inside both temporal lobes?

Back 5

The hippocampus and amygdala

Front 6

What is the hippocampus involved with?

Back 6

memory

Front 7

what is the amygdala involved with?

Back 7

part of the limbic system and linked to emotional reactions such as fear and anger

Front 8

What is the reticular formation responsible for?

Back 8

general arousal

Front 9

What is the thalamus a relay center for? Where does it direct messages?

Back 9

between the lower brain centers and the cerebral cortex.

Front 10

What directs maintenance activities such as eating, drinking, and body temperature. What other system does this area of the brain direct?

Back 10

Hypothalamus, endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Front 11

How much does an average adult human brain weigh?

Back 11

3 lbs.

Front 12

What is an action potential?

Back 12

Firing of a neuron, it is based on the fact that there is a potential across the membrane

Front 13

What depends on the unequal distriubtino of Na+ and K+ ions being more concentrated inside the neuron?

Back 13

The resting membrane potential (RMP

Front 14

The unequal ion distribution in the resting membrane potential is primarily due to 2 factors. What are they?

Back 14

Na+/K+ ATPase (a protein pump that uses the energy in ATP), and the fact that the membrane is more permeable to K+

Front 15

What causes depolarization during an action potential?

Back 15

Na+ gates in teh cell membrane open

Front 16

What is an involuntary and neraly instantaneous response to a stimulus that doesn't involve action potentials being sent to neurons in the brain?

Back 16

reflex

Front 17

What do the parts of a reflex include?

Back 17

The stimulus, a sensory neuron, (sometimes) an association neuron, a motor neuron, and a response

Front 18

How can a reflex be described? (involving a single synapse)?

Back 18

monosynaptic

Front 19

What does the knee jerk involve that senses stretch?

Back 19

A muscle spindle apparatus

Front 20

What does the muscle spindle apparatus sense?

Back 20

stretch

Front 21

What type of fibers do muscle spindles contain?

Back 21

special muscle cells (fibers) called intrafusal fibers that are associated with sensory neurons

Front 22

What happens when the patellar tnedon is struck with a mallet?

Back 22

The intrafusal fibers of the muscle become stretched, causing the sensory neuron associated with them to fire-->dorsal (back) root of spinal cord-->spinal cord (the neuron synapses with extrafusal muscle fibers),

Front 23

Where is the cell body for the sensory neuron invovled with reflex of the knee?

Back 23

in the dorsal root ganglion

Front 24

What does firing of the motor neuron in response to the message from the sensory neuron stimulate?

Back 24

The extrafusal fibers, causing the muscle to contract.

Front 25

What are the 2 possible effects of firing a neuron?

Back 25

Inhibition or facilitation.

Front 26

What does inhibition mean?

Back 26

a response will be decreased due to the activation of inhibitory neurons and the creation of inhibitoy post-synaptic potentials.

Front 27

What are ISPS?

Back 27

inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Cuase the neuron acted upon to be less likely to fire (it is hyperpolarized)

Front 28

What is the opposite of inhibition?

Back 28

facilitation

Front 29

What is facilitation?

Back 29

excitatory post-synaptic potentials are generated which will depolarize other neurons, causing the mto be more likely to fire. Facilitation means the response will be increased because more motor neurons will fire, causing more muscle fibers to contract.

Front 30

When are ESPS generated?

Back 30

excitatory post-synaptic potentials (facillitation)

Front 31

what does increasing brain activity do to the respiratory system?

Back 31

slows it down

Front 32

what does the ankle jerk reflex test?

Back 32

The medial popliteal nerve; terminal branch of the sciatic nerve in the lower thigh.

Front 33

Which nerve is being tested doing the biceps brachii-jerk reflex?

Back 33

tests the musculocutaneous nerve

Front 34

What does the uvular reflex test?

Back 34

glosspharyngeal nerve

Front 35

what does the glabellar reflex test?

Back 35

trigeminal nerve

Front 36

What is Babinski's sign? Who is it normal for?

Back 36

Has to do with cutaneous reflex/plantar reflex. the big toe extends (moves upward) while the other toes fan out laterally (normal in infants, not in adults)

Front 37

What is the MOST important neurological tests? Why?

Back 37

the plantar reflex

Front 38

Damage to the body's tissues will elicit a feeling of pain, but how is it achieved?

Back 38

pain receptors transmit action potentials along afferent nerves to the spinal cord dn then upward to the brain. Once the brain processes the signal, the individual become conscious of it.

Front 39

Sometimes pain felt in one area of the body does not accurately represent where the problem is, what is this called?

Back 39

referred pain

Front 40

Pain produced by a heart attack may feel as if it is coming from the arm, why?

Back 40

Because sensory information from the heart and the arm converge on the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord.

Front 41

What type of pain do amputees frequently report? What type of pain is it? What is the clever way they treated it?

Back 41

phantom limb phenomoenon: pain from their missing limb, referred pain, mirror box therapy