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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Staphylococcus aureus |
Gram Positive Bacteria, Skin & Respiratory Infections, (clusters of grapes) |
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bacillus antracis |
gram positive, anthrax, chains of rods, bracteria |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Bacterial infections, gram negative |
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treponema pallidum |
Syphilis, gram negative, bacteria |
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Streptococcus pyogenes |
bacteria strept throat, cocci chains, gram positive
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candida albicans |
yeast infections, lives inmucosal membranes fungus |
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rhizopus nigricans |
spoiled food, bread molds and allergies, fungus
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aspergillus niger |
molds, spoiled fruits and vegetables fungus
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penicillium notatum |
fungus, antibiotic |
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Trypanosoma gambiense |
african sleeping sickness, by the tsetse fly, protozoan
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Spirogyra |
algae in freshwater
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volvox |
algae in freshwater |
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Sterilization |
process used to destroy all life forms |
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three methods of sterilization |
autoclaving, dry heat and filitration |
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Semi-Solids are used |
to determine motility, and contains less agar |
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defined or synthetic medium |
known ingredidents, reproducile recipe
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complex or nonsynthetic medium |
undefined ingredients, each batch is different |
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culture medium |
any medium which will support growth of microorganisms |
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autoclaving |
121 degrees C at 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes |
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Dry heat |
160-170 degrees C for 2 hours |
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filitration |
passage through filters with pore sizes no greater than .22 lm |
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Why are petri dishes inverted after they cool |
so the agar will not get too dry via evaporation |
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why is culture medium cooled before it is poured into petri plates |
cool enough to be handled and is still iquid to minimize condenstation |
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What is a buffer? |
buffers are used so that the pH of the medium will remain constant even if the microorganisms produces acidic or basic metabolites |
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Serological Pipette |
is completely emptied to deliver the correct amount of liquid |
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Purpose of flmaing in the aseptic tehcnique |
to kill incident microorganims on the transfer tools and the sterile tubes |
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purpose of subculturing |
to transfer cultures from one medium to anothe, to study the maintenace of the cultures |
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Signs of growth in a liquid medium |
cloudiness, a fluffy precipitate, colony formation, and a change in color |
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Difference between inoculating loop and needle |
the needle can be used to lift individual colonies and isolate a pure culture of a single organism |
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why use oil immersion |
more light will enter the viewers eye, and oil decreases distortion |
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function of the condenser |
focuses maximum light upon the object on the side |
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bacilli |
rods |
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coccus |
round |
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sprilla |
spiral
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how to increase resolution |
keeping the lens clean and adjusting the diaphragm and condenser correctly |
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Objective lens on a microscope |
4X 10X 40X 100X |
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Selective Media |
adds chemicals that limit growth of some bacteria, it selects what can and cant grow |
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Differential media |
allows everything to grow but shows some difference, |
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MSA Mannitol salt agar |
selective for staph and differential for manitol fermentation |
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Eosin Methylene Blue |
inhibits growth of gram postive bacteria and differntiate lactose fermenters (selective for gram negative bacteria) |
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Purpose of ethanol in the spread plate technique |
burns at low temperature and sterilizes glass rod while not being to hot to use |
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why use only diluted culutres in the spread plate technique |
to be able to distinguish between colonies, and so there wont be to much growth of the microorganisms |
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purpose of spread plate technique |
to allow maximum separation of cells |
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spread plate technique |
easy to use, unreliable results, uses a glass rod to spread an even amount on to the media |
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why are petri plates labeled on the bottom |
because they are incubated in the inverted postion, bottom side up so condenstation does not affect the culture, and so the label will be visible |
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Streak plate technique |
most relibale and commonly used method, applying bacteria to media on four different quadrants and sterilizing loop each time |
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EMB & MSA |
are both selective and differintial |
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Pour Plate Technique |
relies on multiple dilutions of the culture |
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Negative Stains |
background stains, uses acidic dies because the negative charge is repelled by the cell |
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when is negative staining used |
when baceria will not stain well or not at all |
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three stains used for negative stainging |
India ink nigrosin and eosin |
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Purpose of simple staining |
observe size shape and arrangments of microorganisms |
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Dyes used to staning bacteria |
basic dyes, the positive outer surface of bacteria attracts to the negative charged cell |
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example of basic dies |
methylene blue, carbofuchin and crystal violet |
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when making smears from a solid media |
use a innoculating needle to pick up less culture and avoid putting to much on the slide |
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when making smears from a liquid media |
use the innoculating loop |
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Gram Stain |
the mose useful differntial stain |
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gram negative |
shows pink or red, will see color of the counter stian because of the thin cell wall
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Gram positve |
will show purple because the thick cell wall retains teh primary stain |
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Steps in Gram staining |
Crystal Violet stain, rinse, Iodine, rinse, Decolorizer, rinse, and counterstain with safarin, rain
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what is the decolorizer in the gram stain |
alcohol, removes the crystal violet from the gram negative cell walls |
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purpose of the mordant |
attaches the crystal violet tighlty to the wall of the gram postitive cells |
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purpose of the counterstain |
to stain the cells that have been decolorized |
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poor restults in the gram stain may be from |
too much or too little decolorizer |
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why must young cultures be used during gram staining |
old cultures appear to be gram negative due to ell wall deterioration
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gram variable |
when cells of the same organism stain both postive and negative |
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Acid-fast staingin |
used for cells that have mycolic acid in the cell walls and does not stain well, involves heat to melt lipid coat |
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acid fast staining steps |
Simple stain carbofuchsin, rinse, acid-alcohol, rinse, methleyne blue counterstain, rinse
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Steps of endospore staining |
malachite green and steam, rinse, safarin, rinse, |
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why must heat be applied in endospore staining
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so the dye will penetrate into the spores |
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causes endospores |
bacillius antracis and clostriudim tetani |
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purpose of endospore |
protect the organism during periods when the normal vegitatve cell would die |
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endospore staining is a |
differentials staining technique |
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obligate anerobes |
require oxygen |
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facultative anaerobes |
better with oxygen but does not need it |
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obligate anerobes |
harmed by the presence of oxygen |
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aerotolerant anaerobes |
cannot use oxygen but will not be harmed by it |
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microaerophiles |
need a small amount of oxygen but normal levels inhibit it |
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Anerobic broth |
thioglycollate |
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Wrights tube |
uses NaOH and pyrogallol to remove oxygenn |
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anaerobe jar/pouch with gas pack |
uses palladium catalyst to make water from oxygen and hydrogen
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oxyrase |
reduces oxygen |
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Standard plate count |
grows bacterial and counts colonies using multiple dilutions of the original sample, ony mesaures live bacteria, requires an incubation period |
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spectrophotometric analyss |
measures the amount of light that travels through sample or how turbid (cloudy) the sample is (dead and alive), immediate results |
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%T = Percent Transmittance |
measures the amount of light passing through the test suspension |
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Absorbance |
measures the amount of light absorbed by the susepension |
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Calibration Curve |
can be used as a standard curve for future reference, and allows a estimation of cell numbers immediately after the reading` |
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CFU |
colony forming unit |
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how would u prepare a series of dilutions to get a final diulution of 10^(-10) |
use 1/10 increments 9 times |
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biomass |
the amount of organic material in a cellular at any given time |
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color of endospore in endospore staning |
green |
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color of vegitative cell in endospore staning |
pink |
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Absorbance formula |
2-log(%T) |
