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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Gramsci... |
on the wrong side of the political power structure in italy in the 1900sWas thrown in jail because he was viewed as a radical activist and he was deemed as a threatEventually power structure changed and he was releasedBut when in jail he wrote a lot |
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who coined the term hegemony? |
Gramsci- everywhere he turned the oppressive nature of society confronted him, it didn't matter where he looked in italy the things that bothered him most about the imbalance of power confronted himThe small few had all powerWhen he looked at catholic church, again the powerful were advantaged |
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Hegemony |
constantly facing this imbalance, so we borrow that term and tack it onto masculinity which means: a female confronts the society she lives in and sees imbalance between genders |
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A “common sense” conclusion regarding sport and physical activity and gender is... |
that women are “naturally” inferior to men |
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According to the gender logic of sport... |
, being female means being a failure |
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Garret Thomas |
gay and played rugby |
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Structural functionalist perspective on Why girls playing sports are going up and leadership positions in sport are going down. |
Family: - Females may have to be a housekeeper and coaching could be too demanding -Coaching is time consuming -Coaching and parenting just usually don’t work. Economy: -Someone has to make money in the family -Men coaches get paid more Government: -in the 70’s men didn't want to coach women's college sports because they were just not anticipated to be as successful, but now it’s different -The prestige of women's sport has gone up making more men Media: -Play like a girl campaign |
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Conflict theory on Why girls playing sports are going up and leadership positions in sport are going down. |
How do males (the enemy) manipulated the social institutions. Family: -Stigma of roles of the family Economy: -Most university hiring is done by males so there may be some sexism by paying men more Media: -Men control media -Men know men sports get more viewers |
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Why do most people do qualitative microsociology? |
Doing quantitative research is troublesome when you send it off for peer reviewMany journals do not want the dataMany editors will debate with authorSo thus many sociologists don't do it because it is too hard |
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What were the two theories on what was wrong with macrosociology? |
1. “Over-socialized conception of man” Dennis Wrong (1961) -He said the conveyor belt of understanding of how we became human and socialize is way too constricting, we have all been over socialized and conformed to the messages that have been repeatedly delivered to us. This is problematic because not all conform, there are some deviants. We all have free will and can define norms, and we consciously do it knowing we are making the decision, and so macrosociology lack of ability to come to grip with that was the problem for wrong 2. “Bringing men back in” George Homans (1964) -Bringing us back in is giving us some credit for the behaviors we participate in , and once again deviant behaviour lurks there. If everyone keeps getting the same messages why do people deviate- free choice and sometimes our experiences with the social institutions may not be productive |
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Sociology should begin its analysis from the observed behaviour of __________, not from structures and institutions |
individuals |
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Macrosociology according to blumer... |
- “straight jacket approach” (someone tries to control behaviour) to understanding human behaviour |
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Anthony Giddens on Social Theory |
- well known sociologist - critisizes environmental issues - Giddens points sociology away from the social facts and forces, towards the people who are actually involved in producing social forms through their very activities. |
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Who said that sociologists should seek out the skilled ways that people produce (create) and re-produce (re-enact) existing aspects of society (social practices) as they go about their daily business? |
Anthony giddens |
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Giddens arguments against the traditional macro approach |
-Social sciences by their very nature can’t model themselves after the natural sciences.: -The natural world repeats itself -In the early days of science the natural sciences established the scientific method and then came the social sciences which didn't look at naturally occurring things it instead looked at how people behave but the status that was associated with science was for the hard scientists that worked in labs (newton etc.) social scientists were angry for being second class scientists, but then when science evolved the social sciences tries to adopt as much of the real science. (method etc) |
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Symbolic Interactionism (Herbert Blumer) |
-Blumer is talking about symbols, we all have symbols, we use these symbols to say something about ourselves which helps us in the interaction process -In interaction, we take each other into account, imagining each other’s intentions and thus guiding our own behaviour. This involves interpretation by us of what we think others are thinking and intending to do, usually with regards to us. |
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George Herbert Mead |
humans create, use and communicate with symbols-mostly language but also body language, and actions! |
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“the looking glass self” |
-Charles Horton Cooley -This is the idea of sympathetic introspection. We acquire a self-image by imagining how we look to others. Therefore, we need an audience to tell us about ourselves. -For us to know who we are- we need an audience |
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Symbolic interactionism came about as a blending of... |
the interests of social psychology and a person's involvement in group life (family, school). |
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Blumer’s three basic premises for understanding the world: |
1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them. -Ex. dropping your gloves in hockey 2. The meaning of things arises out of the social interaction one has with one’s fellows. 3. The meanings of things are handled in and modified through an interpretive process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters. -We talk to ourselves (self talk) |
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How do we get inside the actor's head? |
1. Exploration- observe, interview, listen (eavesdrop), follow the media, read letters, diaries, consult public records, consult with experts. 2. Inspection- if exploration is successful, the analysis of the data gathered begins, but in some instances it may have already begun during the exploration phase. -Look for recurring patterns of behaviour - |
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Phenomenology |
- how do we know what we know? - All of our knowledge comes through sense experience.- Husserl -Most thought we knew what we know from birth -Some said we were a blank state and learned through experience |
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Ethnomethodology |
(an extension of phenomenology) |
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Ethnomethodologists are constantly seeking.... |
situations where they can analyze subjects who are making sense of a situation in which meaning (to the actor) is problematic.Ex. The first time doing anything (while attempting to maintain a sense of order)!OR Responding to the unexpected and maintaining a sense of order. |
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conflict theory sociology |
Notion that it's not just the fact that ppl at the lower end of the socio economic scale that they have crappy jobs or bad neighborhoods or facilities you need to explain how the people of authority manipulate the system(what have they done in the economy) people at high end control wages and work environment. “The reason it's like this is because the people at the top of this institution made it that way” |
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Sport in media |
1. mass communication -Before the printing press not very many people knew how to read Printing press provided vast amounts of info to people but also drove advanced education -Driver of public education because people wanted to be able to read the print and wanted to know what was going on 2. The broadcast world 3. The internet - Made the printed world obsolete |
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What are the opiate of the masses |
Karl marx said that was religion |
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Primary function of government as socializing institutions? |
try to move us towards order and away from chaos, because social order allows us to move forward where chaos makes it a lot harder |
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How long, and why has government invested in sport? |
Federal: sport and PA has been on the federal radar for approx. 100 yrs, federal government working through the education system pushed for physical education because they found their soldiers were not fit to fight and needed to be fit for war. |
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Amature sports act: |
We should invest in elite sports that we would compete with other nations on a world stage. -What would the point be at the federal government level wanting to make us more competitive on the world stage?- Canada was emerging as a world power (to a certain extent), and was playing a role on the world stage and we were known as “peace keepers” for going to conflict areas and we assisted in maintaining peace. Sport was viewed as a way to establish a reputation on a world scale. |
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Macrosociology |
- Structural functionalism (Consensus) -Emphasis on the impact of and the relationships between and among social institutions -CONFLICT MODEL -Emphasis on structured inequality, competition, alienation and oppression -The powerful conspiring against the weak - Mechanisms of Exclusion |
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Culture VS Popular culture |
Culture:: things we share amongst ourselves popular culture: pieces of the shared activities |
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High brow culture |
symphony, ballet, theatre |
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Religion helped with... |
-Religion created an after life so that the short amount of time we have here is just a preparation for a much longer journey -Heaven VS hell -This solves two things: the fact that we have a time limit on earth (gives us eternal life), religion was also an easy fall back for people who had questions about universe in which there weren’t any answers |
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opiate of the masses |
-“Even though i’m poor cold and hungry, I am going to be rewarded anyway” (Opiate) -Which made them work harder and harder and not enjoy the fruits of their labour |
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How religion is connected to sport |
-Link between gods and sport |
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Is religion a “Scarce Resource” ? |
No we all have access to itIts freeNo line ups Everyone can participate as little or as much as they want |
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Why don’t the wealthy go to church? |
-Don’t need to ask for things or pray for things -Poor people went to church because it legitimized their poor state (told them it was ok to be poor) but the rich don’t need legitimization of their current state - |
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Why do the people who dont go to church (the wealthy) financially support the church? |
The wealthy wants the poor to go to the church instead of them realize that life is unfair and they may want to overthrow government |
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How does power/authority/ wealth work thru religion to impact involvement in PA and sport (which is a “scarce resource”? |
Put more people in church so less people are engaging in luxury activities that rich people would prefer to do |
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How Sport and physical activity and family impact each other: |
-Scheduling: Time management -Family background determines what sports and what level you play -Social lives of family members -Knowledge of sport -Traveling due to sport -Money -Socio-economic status -Sibling influence -Health and Wellness: Injury, Injuries can negatively affect athletic family -Family time becomes more valuable |
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Sport is arguably another social institution because... |
of the values it teaches children |
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What do sociologists do..? |
-Attempt to understand/ make sense of the social world -The fundamental understanding that sociologists need to know is that we are interactive beings 1. Observe: -Look at social world and speculate about it -Sometimes they go about counting things -Use hard data from stats can etc. -Observe qualitative or quantitative data -Large groups-macrosociology (quantitative) Small groups- microsociology (qualitative, interpretive) 2. Describe: -Macrosociology- tables, graphs, stats -Microsociology- rich description of the scene and behaviour 3. Explain: -Macrosociology- Alternative explanations focus on the social forces associated with the socializing institutions (family, school, religion, economy, government, media, and maybe sport) 4. Predict future behaviour (not all sociologists make this final step) 5. Agents for social change -Jump start program etc. |
