Kingdom Animalia

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PRIMARY GERM LAYERS

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Ectoderm (outermost): skin, nervous system

Mesoderm (middle): muscles, skeleton, blood

Endoderm (innermost): lining of gut,

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applies to triploblastic animals (those with 3 primary germ layers

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BODY CAVITY DEVELOPMENT

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Acoelomate

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no coelom (no body cavity at all)

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Pseudocoelomate

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animals have a fluid-filled cavity separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall, but this cavity is not completely lined with tissue derived from the mesoderm

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Coelomate

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animals having a body cavity (coelom) lined entirely with mesodermally derived tissue (the thin tissue lining the organ cavity is called peritoneum)

-many groups of animals, especially higher animals, are coelomate (or eucoelomate

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PHYLUM PORIFERA

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Sponges

only at the cellular level of organization

asymmetrical filter-feeders

ostia (pores for water entry), osculum (water exit openings), spongocoel (main cavity in interior)

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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

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Hydrozoans, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals

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PHYLUM CNIDARIA

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tissue level of organization

-radial symmetry

-diploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm

-all have a single large central internal cody cavity called the gastrovascular cavity

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PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

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Comb jellies

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PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

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-tissue level of organization

-radial symmetry (usually)

-diploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm

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only group with 8 rows of ciliated comb plates, tentacles with colloblasts(glue cells for prey capture

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PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

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Flatworms, Flukes, Tapeworms

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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

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-organ system level of organization

-bilateral symmetry

-triploblastic

-acoelomate

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flattened, solid bodies, lack respiratory & circulatory structures (utilize diffusion)-some are human parasites

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PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworms, Flukes, Tapeworm

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apeworms are contracted by humans

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rom eating poorly cooked beef, fish, or pork

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PHYLUM NEMATODA

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Roundworms

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PHYLUM NEMATODA

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organ system level of organization

bilateral symmetry

triploblastic

complete gut (mouth to anus)

pseudocoelomate

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cylindrical body with tapered ends, covered with nonliving cuticle (coat), have longitudinal muscles only (“thrashing” locomotio

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PHYLUM NEMATODA

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PHYLUM ROTIFERA (Rotifers)

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organ system level of organization

bilaterally symmetry

triploblastic

complete gut mouth to anus

pseudocoelomate

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known for its ciliated double corona and grinding gizzard

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PHYLUM ROTIFERA (Rotifers)

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females reproduce by parthenogenesisin many species (no males exist in genus Philodina)-new females develop from unfertilized diploid eggs

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PHYLUM ROTIFERA (Rotifers)

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PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA

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lamp shells ; lophophorates that possess two valves arranged dorsoventral

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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

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Chitons, Snails, Slugs, Bivalves, Nautilus, Squid, Octopus

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PHYLUM ANNELID

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segmented worms; earthworms, leeches, polychaetes

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

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Trilobites, Spiders, Chelicerates, Crustaceans, Centipedes, Millipedes, Insects

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multi-jointed legs

nonliving exoskeleton of chitin & calcium salts-molt periodically

open circulatory system

very diverse phylum including many groups occupying all habitats

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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

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SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITOMORPHA

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extinct trilobites

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most members of this group have obvious radial symmetry with multiple rays; some (sea cucumbers) are partly radial and partly bilaterally symmetrical

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PHYLUM ECHINODERMA

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What type of symmetry?

PHYLUM ROTIFERA

PHYLUM NEMATODA

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

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Bilateral

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What Phylum?

Pharyngeal gill slits

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (becomes spinal cord and brain in vertebrate chordates)

Notocord (becomes the vertebrae in vertebrate chordates)

Postanal tail

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PHYLUM CHORDATA

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(placental mammals): young develop inside mother, nourished by placenta via umbilical cord

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Eutherians

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young crawl into marsupium(pouch) on mother to finish embryonic development

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Marsupials

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lay eggs, have no nipples, young suck milk from motherʼs fur-examples: duck-billed platypus, echidna (spiny anteater)

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Monotremes

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4-chambered heart

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CLASS MAMMALIA

CLASS AVES

CLASS CROCODILIA

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3-chambered heart

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CLASS LEPIDOSAURIA

CLASS AMPHIBIA

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2-chambered heart

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CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

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embryo develops within the mother

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Viviparity

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embryo develops inside an egg

Reduces female's metabolic investment but increases predation

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Oviparity

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eggs covered in a thin shell hatch inside mother but receive no nourishment from the mother

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Ovoviviparity

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Both male and female reproductive systemsIn some species, organisms can fertilize their own eggsMost exchange sperm with another individual to increase genetic diversity

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Hermaphroditism

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Synchronous hermaphroditism

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individual simultaneously male and female

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Sequential hermaphroditism

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sex reversal

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Protogynous -

Protandrous -

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female first

male first

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Portion of parent organism pinches off to form complete new individual

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Budding

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Organism splits into two or more parts, each part regenerates whole organism

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Fission and Fragmentation with Regeneration of Fragments into Whole Organism

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Development of offspring from unfertilized eggsSome animals reproduce sexually or parthenogeneticallyUnder specific conditions, human eggs can be induced to undergoparthenogenesis but a viable embryo cannot form

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Parthenogenesis

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Genitalia consist of _____ and _______

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penis / scrotum

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Scrotum holds ______ where sperm develop at 2°C lower than core body temperature

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testes

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Each testis composed of ________ and _________

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seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis)

Leydig cells(secrete testosterone)

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Sperm then move into _________to complete their differentiation by becoming motile andcapable of fertilization

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epididymis

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sperm then moves to ____ leading to ejaculatory duct and _____

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vas deferens ; urethra

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Female Genitalia

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Labia majora same tissue as scrotum

Labia minora same tissue as urethra primordial tissue

Clitoris same erectile tissue as penis

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External (Female Genitalia )opening leads to _______, _______, and into ______

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vagina ; cervix ; uterus

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Uterus has inner glandular lining ______ and outer muscular layer _______

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endometrium ; myometrium

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Oogenesis

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Ovarian cycle last approximately 28 days in humansSeveral oocytes begin maturation but only 1 is ovulated each cycle

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Oogenesis

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1 gamete from each primary oocyte Each meiotic division results in 1 large cell (secondary oocyte in meiosis I and ovum in meiosis II)and 1 small cell (polar body)One or many ova can develop at a time (depends upon organism)2 layers around ova (zona pellucida and cumulus mass)

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Spermatogenesis

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Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes Undergo meiosis II to produce 4 haploid spermatids Eventually become sperm 1 cell becomes 4 gametes Sperm has head (with acrosome), midpiece, and tail

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Ovarian cycle

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Empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone thatstimulates uterus to sustain embryo

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Menopause

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oocytes become depleted and ovulation stops

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Follicular phase

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LH spike induces ovulation - rupture of follicle (spike on day 13, ovulation on day14)

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Luteal phase

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Corpus luteum develops and secretes progesteroneInhibits FSH and LH secretion and prepares uterus to receive embryo

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______ is the hormone detected in the urine in home early pregnancy test kits

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HCG

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What is the function of the endometrium?

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functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity

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First Trimester

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organs develop"embryo" under 2 months"fetus" 2 months and older

prenatal influences greatest

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Second Trimester

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Rapid growth phasefetal movements noticedfetal heartbeat heard

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Third trimester

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lungs mature to function on their own at birth and fetus positions itself above the cervixantibodies pass from mother to baby

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Dilation

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cervix dilates and thins to allow passage of fetus

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Expulsion

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uterine contractions get stronger and more frequent until fetus emerges

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Afterbirth

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placenta delivered after blood vessels in placenta and umbilical cord contract to blockblood flow to the newborn (known as the “afterbirth”)

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First event of pregnancy is implantationIn humans within 1-2 weeks

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Endometrial glands provide initial nutrientsPlacenta then develops from maternal and fetal tissuePlacenta's fetal portion (chorion) has chorionic villi providing a large surface area for gas andnutrient/waste exchange