Kingdom Animalia

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Phylum Cnidaria

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Cnidarians are soft bodied carnivores with radial symmetry, stinging tentacles, and only one opening (mouth / anus)

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Cnidarians have

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Cnidocytes (stinging cells) with nematocysts (harpoon like poison filled structure)

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Three Cnidarian layers

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Ectoderm (outer layer)

Mesoglea (jelly like with neural network)

Gastroderm (where digestion takes place in gastrovascular cavity)

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Two Cnidarian life stages:

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Polyp: sessile with tentacles up

Medusa: motile with tentacles down

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Feeding Cnidarian

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Catches prey with tentacles and pulls into the gastrovascular cavity

Digestion takes place and nutrients are absorbed through the gastroderm

Waste materials are released back out the mouth

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Cnidarian Respiration, circulation, and excretion

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All occurs through diffusion through body wall

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Cnidarian Response

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Loose association of nerves create a neural network in mesoglea

Statocysts enable the cnidarian to detect gravity

Ocelli are light detecting organs

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Cnidarian Movement

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Circular and longitudinal muscles enable movement

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Cnidarian Reproduction

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Asexually. Polyps can bud off new organisms.

Sexually. Separate medusa sexes release eggs and sperm into water (external fertilization) The fertilized egg then grows into a free swimming larvae. Larvae eventually settle and form a polyp stage. The polyp then buds off new medusa.

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3 classes of Cnidaria

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Scyphozoa

Jellyfish (medusa major life stage)

Hydrozoa

Branching polyp colonies

Anthozoa

Contains anemones and corals (polyp major life stage)

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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Flatworms are soft bodied , flattened worms that are acoelomate and have bilateral symmetry with cephalization

Flatworms can be free living or parasitic

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) feeding

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Free living flatworms Carnivore scavengers that suck up material through a pharynx into a gastrovascular cavity. Food is digested and distributed by the cavity. Waste is released back out into the pharynx.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) parasitic

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Do not have a complex digestive system, rather, they just absorb nutrients through the body by diffusion

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Respiration, Circulation & Excretion

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Bodies are thin and flat so they rely on diffusion of materials through the body wall

Some free living flatworms have flame cells that act to filter metabolic waste and remove it.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Response

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Cephalized with an aggregation of neurons (ganglia) and sense organs

Two nerve cords run down the body

May have eyespots to detect light

Parasitic flatworms have a much simpler nervous system

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Movement

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Free living flatworms have cilia that allow them to glide through the water and wiggle their muscles

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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Reproduction

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Asexual: Fragmentation (fission) by splitting into 2 pieces

Sexual: Most are hermaphrodites (male and female)

Parasitic: Complex life cycles with more than 1 host

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Three Classes of Flatworms

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Turbellaria: Free living marine or fresh water

Trematoda (Flukes): Parasites that infect the internal organs of the host

Cestoda: Parasitic tapeworms. Infect the digestive system of the host.

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms)

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Slender unsegmented worms that have a pseudocoelom

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) feeding

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Nematodes are the first organisms to have a digestive system with a mouth and an anus!!

Most nematodes are free living (carnivores or decomposers)

Some are internal parasites

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Respiration, Circulation, Excretion

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Due to their small size they rely on diffusion of gasses and wastes through their body wall

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Response

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Simple nervous system consisting of several ganglia (groups of neurons), but no brain

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Movement

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Longitudinal muscles as well as a pseudocoelom filled with fluid acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

Contraction of the muscles allows movement

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Reproduction

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All Sexual

Most have separate sexes

Internal Fertilization

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There are many species of nematodes that are human parasites. E.g. :

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There are many species of nematodes that are human parasites. E.g. :

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Trichinosis

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Adults live and mate in intestinesLarvae burrow into muscles of host and form painful cystsAnother animal eats the host and the cysts hatch

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Filarial

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Transmitted from 1 host to another by biting insects (mosquitoes)Live in the blood and lymphatic systemCan cause elephantiasis

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Ascarid

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Human ingests fecal contaminated food or water

Eggs travel to intestine and hatch

Larvae burrow into blood stream and travel to lungs

Larvae coughed up and swallowed back into stomach and intestines

Larvae are now adults, reproduce and release eggs into feces

Ascarid worms absorbs the nutrients from the host

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Phylum Nematode (roundworms) Hookworms

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Eggs hatch in soil

Larvae burrow into host in-between their toes

Travel through the blood to the lungs and are swallowed into the intestines

They latch into the walls of the intestine and feed on blood

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Phylum Annelida

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Annelids are segmented worms with a true coelom

The individual segments are separated internally by walls called septa

All segments (except for near the head) are identical

Each segment has its own set of external appendages called setae

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Phylum Annelida Feeding

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Can be carnivores, decomposers, or filter feeders

Have pharynx that have specialized feeding structures

Food moves through the esophagus then a crop (storage) and a gizzard (grinding)

Nutrients are absorbed into each segment through the intestine

Waste is removed out the anus

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Phylum Annelida Circulation

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Closed circulatory system (blood never leaves a vessel)

Blood moves towards the head in the dorsal blood vessel

A set of 5 pairs of ring vessels acts as a heart to pump blood

Ventral blood vessel carries blood towards rear of worm

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Phylum Annelida Respiration

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Aquatic annelids have gills

Terrestrial annelids require moist skin to allow transport across it

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Phylum Annelida Excretion

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Each segment has a pair of nephridia that removes wastes

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Phylum Annelida Response

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Cephalized (brain and sense organs at anterior)

Ventral nerve cord runs down length of worm

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Phylum Annelida Movement

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Hydrostatic Skeleton

Setae evolve to aid movement

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Phylum Annelida Reproduction

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Sexual (separate sexes and hermaphrodites)

External fertilization

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Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaetes

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Mostly terrestrial or freshwater

Relatively small or reduced number of setae

Include earthworms

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Phylum Annelida Class Polychaetes

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Mostly marine

Many more setae that have evolved into paddle like structures

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Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea

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Leeches

External Parasites

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Phylum Mollusca

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Molluscs are soft bodied animals that have a free swimming trochophore larvae stage

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Phylum Mollusca, Four Body Parts

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Muscular foot: locomotion

Visceral mass: internal organs

Mantle: thin layer of tissue that covers body

Shell: may or may not be present

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Phylum Mollusca, Feeding

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Snails have a rasp like tongue called a radula to scrape

Octopi have a beak for ripping and tearing

Clams have a siphon that draws water in to be filtered

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Phylum Mollusca, Respiration

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Aquatic Molluscs have gills inside the mantle cavity

Terrestrial Molluscs maintain a moist mantle to exchange gases

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Phylum Mollusca, Circulation

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Snails and clams have an open system (blood flows through a few vessels and a heart, but also leaves a vessel and is free to slosh around the body cavity)

Octopi have a closed system as it is more efficient

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Phylum Mollusca, Excretion

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Nephridia release waste outside body

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Phylum Mollusca, Response

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Clams do not have brain or complex nervous system

Snails have a simple brain and senses

Octopi have well developed brain and senses

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Phylum Mollusca, Movement

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Clams dig with their foot

Snails glide on mucus and muscular contractions of the foot

Octopi have their foot divided into tentacles as well as can shoot water out of their siphon

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Phylum Mollusca, Reproduction

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Many different strategies

- separate sexes or hermaphrodites

- simple molluscs tend to externally fertilize

- higher molluscs can internally fertilize

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Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda

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Gastropods

'Stomach foot'

Single shell or no shell

Move by a single muscular foot

Feed by a radula

E.g. Snails, slugs, and nudibranchs (sea slugs)

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Phylum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia

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Bivalves

Two Shells

Filter Feed through siphon

Two large adductor muscles to close shell

Use foot to dig in sediment

Can produce sticky threads to attach to solid surfaces

E.g. clams, oysters, mussels

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Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda

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Cephalopods

"Head Foot"

May have small internal shells or not

Foot divided into tentacles

Feed with a powerful beak

E.g. octopi, squids

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All members of Kingdom Animalia are:

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Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Lack cell walls

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Kingdom Animalia is the:

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Largest Kingdom:

95 percent of species are invertebrates (lack a backbone)

5 percent of species are vertebrates (have a backbone)

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All Animals must:

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Feed:

Must ingest food (other organisms) to supply them with molecules for raw materials and energy

Perform Respiration

Must obtain oxygen as a reactant for aerobic cellular respiration

Must get rid of carbon dioxide as a waste product of aerobic cellular respiration

Perform Circulation

Many large animals require a delivery system for nutrients and wastes

Small animals can rely on simple diffusion

Perform Excretion

Must be able to get rid of metabolic wastes

These are usually nitrogenous compounds (urea, ammonia)

Must Respond to Environment

Must be able to detect stimuli in the environment and respond in an appropriate manner

Movement

Most animals move at some point in their life (motile)

Some animals do not move at some point of their life (sessile)

Reproduction

Must continue the species by making new members

Can be sexual or asexual

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Animals, Cell Specialization

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Over time the cells that make up organisms have become more specialized to perform specific functions

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Animals, Development

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Development refers to the growth of a single celled zygote into a complete organism

The embryo (solid ball of cells) eventually forms a blastula (hollow ball of cells)

The blastula eventually gastrulates, forming a tube through the middle

There are 2 different types of gastrulation

Protostome: size of gastrulation forms the mouth

Deuterstome: size of gastrulation forms the anus

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Animals, After gastrulation, 3 types of germ tissues are formed:

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Ectoderm: becomes nerves, sense organs, and skin

Mesoderm: becomes muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Endoderm: becomes the digestive tract and the respiratory system

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Animals, Body Symmetry

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Early animals have no symmetry

The first type of symmetry we see is radial symmetry (infinite lines of symmetry)

Pentaradial symmetry has 5 lines of symmetry

Bilateral symmetry has only 1 line of symmetry and is the most advanced

This gives creatures an anterior (front), posterior (rear), dorsal (back), and ventral (belly) sides

Bilateral symmetry also allows cephalization:

a concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs at the anterior of the animal

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Animals, Body Cavity Formation

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Early animals are solid with no body cavity (acoelom)

More advanced animals have a tube (pseudocoelom)

The most advanced animals have the inner tube suspended within the outer tube (coelom)

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Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

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Sponges are asymmetrical sessile filter feeders with only a few specialized structures

They consist of a body wall with pores, a central cavity, and an osculum to allow water out

Within the body walls, there are a few specialized cells:

Epidermal cells cover the outside of the sponge

Pore cells allow water to flow through the body wall

Choanocytes are flagellated cells that create the water flow

Archaeocytes are amoeba like cells that wander through the sponge and distribute nutrients and make spicules (protein skeleton of the sponge)

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Phylum Porifera (Sponges), Characteristics of Life

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Feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion are all accomplished by the water flow through the body wall and out the osculum

Sponges have no nervous system and so there is very little response to the environment (some sponges do produce a toxin)

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Phylum Porifera (Sponges), Reproduction

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Sponges can reproduce asexually or sexually

Asexually- a new sponge buds off the parent or by releasing gemmules (archaeocytes covered in spicules into the water)

Sexually- sperm are released into the water and fertilization occurs in the body wall of the sponge (internal fertilization). The zygote grows into a free swimming larvae that settles in a new location.