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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Supine |
Lying on the back back |
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Prone |
Lying face downward, on stomach. |
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Superior |
Above/toward head |
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Inferor |
Below/toward feet |
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Anterior |
Front side/in front of |
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Posterior |
Back side/ in back of |
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Medial |
Closer to the median plane, midline |
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Lateral |
Farther from the median plane/toward side |
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Proximal |
Closer to root of limb, trunk or center of body |
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Distal |
Farther from root of limb, trunk, or center |
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Superficial |
Closer to or on the surface of the body |
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Deep |
Farther from the surface of body |
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Palmar |
Anterior aspect of hand in anatomical position |
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Dorsal |
Posterior aspect of hand in anatomical position; top aspect of foot when standing in anatomical position |
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Plantar |
Bottom aspect of foot when standing in anatomical position |
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Sagittal plane |
A vertical plane dividing body into right and left portions |
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Median plane |
The midsagittal plane dividing the body into equal right and left portions |
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Frontal planes |
A vertical plane dividing the body into front and back portions |
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Horizontal planes |
A transverse plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions |
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Mediolateral |
Passes through body from side to side |
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Anteroposterior |
Passes through body from front to back |
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Vertical axis |
Passes through body from top to bottom |
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Flexion |
Bringing the anterior or posterior surface of a body segment toward the anterior or posterior surface of an adjacent body segment (bending) |
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Extension |
Moving from a flexed position toward the anatomical position (straightening) |
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Abduction |
Moving away from the midline of the body |
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Adduction |
Moving toward the midline of the body |
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Circumduction |
Driving a cone with the apex at the joint; combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction |
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External rotation |
Turning anterior surface outward |
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Internal rotation |
Turning anterior surface inward |
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Right lateral flexion (spine) |
Side bending of the trunk to the right or moving from a position of left lateral flexion toward anatomical position |
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Left lateral flexion (spine) |
Side bending of the truck to the left or moving from a position of right lateral flexion toward anatomical position |
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Right rotation (spine) |
Turning the anterior surface of the head or trunk to the right |
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Left rotation (spine) |
Turning the anterior surface of the head or trunk to the left |
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Pronation (forearm) |
Turning the palm backward |
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Supination (forearm) |
Turning the palm forward |
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Horizontal abduction (shoulder and hip) |
Movement of the limb away from the midline in a horizontal plane when the limb is flexed to a 90 degree position |
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Horizontal abduction (shoulder and hip) |
Movement of the limb toward the midline in a horizontal plane when the limb is flexed to a 90 degree position |
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Dorsiflexion |
Bringing the toes and top of the foot up toward the shin (flexing the foot) |
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Planter-flexion (ankle-foot) |
Bringing the toes and bottom of the foot downward (pointing the foot) |
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Inversion (foot) |
Lifting the medial portion of the foot upward |
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Eversion |
Lifting the lateral portion of the foot upward |
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Actions of the toes |
Flexion Extension (neutral) Hyper extension Abduction and adduction |
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Toe movement |
Occurs on sagittal plane |
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Pronation |
Abduction and eversion (beveling and winging, outward) |
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Supination |
Abduction and inversion (sickling, inward) |
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Tarsal movement |
Occurs on frontal and transverse planes |
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Alignment of foot |
Foot should be in the same sagittal plane as lower leg |
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Morton short toe |
Tendency to supinate to broaden the base of the toes Can cause severe sprains Too much weight on 2nd metatarsal, no sesamoid bone |
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Hallux valgus |
Misalignment of the big toe 1st 2 phalanges angle laterally |
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Bunions |
Head of the 1st metatarsal Tendency to pronate combined with turned out walj |
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Ankle joint bones |
Talus Inferior articulating surface of tibia Lateral malleolus of fibula Medial malleolus of tibia |
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Actions of ankle |
Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion ONLY on sagittal plane NO EXTENSION |
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What restricts plantar flexion? |
Larger OS trigonum |
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What restricts dorsiflexion? |
Tight Achilles tendon Some people have a bone in front? |
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Purposes of fibula |
Expanding surface area for muscle attachment Completing the lateral side of the ankle joint |
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Interosseus membrane |
Increase surface area for muscle attachment |
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Tibial torsion |
Lines down the tibia Curved bone Actual bend in the bone Irreversible |
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Retinaculum |
Binds tendons, pieces of ankle, etc |
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Knee pieces |
1 femur--convex condyles 2 tibia--concave superior articulating surfaces Patella--encased in tendon of quadriceps |
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Medial collateral ligament |
Epicondyle of femur to tibia |
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Lateral collateral ligament |
Epicondyle of femur to fibula |
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Anterior cruciate ligament |
Anterior of tibia to posterior of femur |
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Posterior cruciate ligament |
Posterior of tibia to anterior of femur |
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Oblique popliteal ligament |
Posterior of femur to posterior of tibia |
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Arcuate popliteal ligament |
Posterior of femur to posterior of tibia |
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Patellar ligament tendon |
Inferior border of patella to tibial tuberosity |
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Collateral ligaments |
Provide lateral stability Prohibit abduction and adduction Prohibits rotation of knee |
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Cruciate ligaments |
Restricts extreme rotation of knee in a flexed position |
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Popliteal ligaments |
Primary restrictors of hyperextension Restricts anterior and posterior sliding |
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Medial and lateral meniscus |
Half moon shape Attached to the superior articulating surface of tibia |
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Tensor fascia lata |
Iliotibial band Protection for knee, meniscus |
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Weight bearing rotation |
Femur inwardly rotates |
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Non weight bearing rotation |
Tibia outwardly rotates |
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Knock knees |
Medial condyle of femur taller than lateral condyle |
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Osgood Schlatter's disease |
Quads pulling on the tibial tuberosity at epiphyseal line |
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Hip |
Head of femur fits into acetabulum of pelvis |
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Actions of the hip |
Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Inward and outward rotation |
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Iliofemoral ligament |
Y Around the acetabulum Around joint and attach to femur Prevents hyperextension |
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Pubofemoral ligament |
Around the acetabulumAround joint and attach to femur |
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Ischiofemoral ligament |
Around the acetabulumAround joint and attach to femur |
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Teres ligament |
Center of the acetabulum to center of the head of the femur |
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Muscles only |
Pull, not push |
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Concentric |
Shortening contraction |
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Eccentric |
Lengthening contraction |
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Static |
Maintenance contraction |
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Quadriceps muscles |
Vastus medialis Vastus intermedialus Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris |
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Hamstrings |
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris Gracilis Sartorius Iliotibial band |
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Muscles at hips--iliopsoas |
Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor |
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Avulsion fracture |
Ligament is still attached to bone, pulls bone apart |
