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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides body into left and right halves, medial lateral axis, flexion and extension
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Frontal Plane
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Divides body into front and back halves, anteroposterior axis, abduction and adduction
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Transverse Plane
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Divides body into superior and inferior halves, superoinferior axis, pronation and supination
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Osteokinematic motion
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Motion of the bones
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Arthrokinematic motion
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Motion of the articular surfaces of the joint; spin, roll, glide
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Concentric muscle action
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Against gravity, force generated by muscle is greater than force of external load
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Eccentric muscle action
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With gravity, force generated by muscle is less than the force of the external load
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Isometric muscle action
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No movement, force generated by muscle is equal to the force of the external load
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Parallel muscle fibers
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"Strap tight," shorten over long range of motion
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Pennate muscle fibers
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Stuff a lot of muscle fibers in small space, contract over short distance with great force
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Stretch reflex
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Rapid stretch occurs, an impulse is sent to CNS, motor neurons of muscle activated, contraction occurs. ex: the quick squat before a jump stretches the muscles and they are able to generate more force than before
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Golgi tendon organs
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When stretch threshold is reached, an impulse is sent to CNS causing the muscles to relax, activating antagonist muscles as protective mechanism. The GTO create inverse stretch reflex to protect us from excessive contraction
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Force Velocity relationship
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As resistance of force increases, speed of force generated by muscles decreases
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Two ways to increase force production of a muscle
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1. Recruit more motor units
2. Increase the frequency of stimulation |
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Muscle Fiber Recruitment
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Type 1, Type 2A; If Type 1 muscle fibers hit threshold, all contract, then recruit to Type 2A
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Length tension
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When the muscle is contracted and elongated real long, it takes alot of resistance and force to make a muscle stretch any further
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Active insufficiency
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Unable to reach the contraction force because of the limit of muscle length. ex: strength of elbow flexors decreases as shoulder joint is more flexed
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Passive insufficiency
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Unable to reach full range of motion because of the limit of muscle length. ex: difficult to reach toes with knee extended as compared to that with knee flexed
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1st class lever
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force, axis, resistance; ex: triceps brachii extending the elbow
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2nd class lever
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axis, resistance, force; long force arm used to overcome some big load. ex: standing performing a calf raise
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3rd class lever
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axis, force, resistance; long resistance arm used to project something long distance. ex: biceps brachii flexing the elbow
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If in equilibrium...
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E*EA=R*RA
Concentric action, E*EA>R*RA Eccentric action, E*EA<R*RA |
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Mechanical Advantage
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EA/RA or R/E; if you've got a longer E arm, you've got a mechanical advantage. To increase MA, double length of effort arm or decrease resistance arm
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Newton's Law of Intertia
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An object in motion will remain in motion or an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an external force. ex: gravity on baseball, runner applying force to stop on track
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Newton's Law of Acceleration
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A change in the acceleration of an object occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it- inversely proportional to the mass of the object. ex: force to run at half speed is less than force to run at top speed, to throw a call with speed it is necessary to accelerate the part of the body holding the ball
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Newton's Law of Reaction
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For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction. ex: force that you use to sprint on a track- ground pushes back to push you forward, running on sand harder than on a track
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Ways to enhance equilibrium, maximize stability and acheive balance
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1. Center of gravity falls withing base of support
2. Increase size of base 3. Increase mass 4. Decrease height 5. Place center of gravity towards expected force 6. Increase friction 7. Rotation about an axis |
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Muscles of shoulder girdle
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Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius: upper, middle and lower, rhomboids, levator scapulae
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Abductors of shoulder girdle
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Pull scapula away from spinal column, reaching for object in front of body; SERRATUS ANTERIOR, PECTORALIS MINOR
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Adductors of shoulder girdle
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Pull scapula towards spinal column, pinching shoulder blades together; MIDDLE & LOWER TRAPEZIUS, RHOMBOIDS MAJOR & MINOR
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Elevators of shoulder girdle
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Pull scapula into upward movement, shrugging of shoulders; UPPER TRAPEZIUS, LEVATOR SCAPULAE, RHOMBOIDS MAJOR & MINOR
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Depressors of shoulder girdle
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Pull scapula downward, returning to normal position from shoulder shrug; PECTORALIS MINOR
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Upward Rotators of shoulder girdle
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Turning the glenoid fossa upward and moving the inferior angle superiorly and laterally away from spinal column; MIDDLE & LOWER TRAPEZIUS, SERRATUS ANTERIOR
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Downward Rotators of the shoulder girdle
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Returning the inferior angle medially and inferiorly toward the spinal column and the glenoid fossa to its normal position; RHOMBOIDS MAJOR & MINOR, PECTORALIS MINOR
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Pectoralis Minor
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O: Anterior surfaces of 3rd to 5th ribs
I: Coracoid process of scapula |
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Serratus Anterior
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O: Surface of the upper 9 ribs at the side of the chest
I: Anterior aspect of the whole length of the medial border of the scapula |
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Trapezius Upper Fibers
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O: Base of skull, occipital protuberance and posterior ligaments of neck
I: Posterior aspect of the lateral 3rd of the clavicle |
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Trapezius Middle Fibers
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O: Spinous process of 7th cervical and upper 3 throacic vertebrae
I: Medial border of the acromian process and upper border if the scapular spine |
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Trapezius Lower Fibers
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O: Spinous process of 4th-12th thoracic vertebrae
I: Triangular space at the base of the scapular spine |
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Rhomboids
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O: Spinous processes of the last cervical and first 5 throacic vertebrae
I: Medial border of the scapula, below the scapula spine |
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Levator scapulae
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O: Transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae
I: Medial border of the scapula above spine |
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Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
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Pectoralis Major Clavicular and Sternal portions, Subscapularis, Deltoid Anterior Middle and Posterior portions, Supraspinatus, Latissimus dorsi, Teres Major and Minor, Infraspinatus
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Extensors of the GH joint
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Movement of humerus straight posteriorly from any point in the sagittal plane; SUBSCAPULARIS, TERES MAJOR, POSTERIOR DELTOID, LATS, STERNAL PECTORALIS MAJOR,
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Flexion of the GH joint
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Movement of the humerus straight anteriorly from any point in the sagittal plane; ANTERIOR DELTOID, CLAVICULAR PECTORALIS MAJOR
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Horizontal Adduction of GH joint
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Movement of the humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane toward and across the chest; PECTORALIS MAJOR, ANTERIOR DELTOID
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Horizontal Abduction of GH joint
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Movement of the humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane away from the chest; MIDDLE & POSTERIOR DELTOID, INFRASPINATUS, TERES MINOR
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Abductors of GH joint
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Upward and lateral movement of the humerus in the frontal plane out to the side, away from body; SUPRASPINATUS, DELTOID, CLAVICULAR PECTORALIS MAJOR
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Adductors of GH joint
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Downward movement of the humerus in the frontal plane medially toward the body from abduction; LATISSIMUS DORSI, TERES MAJOR, STERNAL PECTORALIS MAJOR
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External Rotators of GH joint
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Movement of the humerus laterally in the transverse plane around its long axis away from the midline; INFRASPINATUS, TERES MINOR, POSTERIOR DELTOID
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Internal Rotators of GH joint
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Movement of the humerus in the transverse plane medially around its long axis toward the midline; LATISSIMUS DORSI, TERES MAJOR, PECTORALIS MAJOR, SUBSCAPULARIS, ANTERIOR DELTOID
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Pectoralis Major Clavicular portion
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O: Medial half of anterior surface of clavical
I: Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus |
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Pectoralis Major Sternal portion
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O: Anterior surface of costal cartilages of first 6 ribs and adjoining portion of sternum
I: Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus |
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Subscapularis
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O: Entire anterior surface of subscapularis fossa
I: Lesser tubercle of humerus |
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Deltoid Anterior fibers
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O: Anterior lateral third of clavicle
I: Deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus |
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Deltoid Middle fibers
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O: Lateral aspect of acromion
I: Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus |
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Deltoid Posterior fibers
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O: Inferior edge of spine of scapula
I: Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus |
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Supraspinatus
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O: Medial 2/3 of supraspinatus fossa
I: Superiorly on greater tubercle of humerus |
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Latissimus Dorsi
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O: Posterior crest of ilium, back of sacrum and spinous processes of lumbar and lower six thoracis vertebrae, slips from lower three ribs
I: Medial side of intertubercular groove of humerus, just anterior to the insertion of the teres major |
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Teres Major
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O: Posteriorly on the inferior third of lateral border of scapula and just superior to inferior angle
I: Medial lip on intertubercular groove of humerus, just posterior to the insertion of the latissimus dorsi |
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Infraspinatus
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O: Medial aspect of infraspinatus fossa just below spine of scapula
I: Posteriorly on greater tubercle of humerus |
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Teres Minor
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O: Posteriorly on upper and middle aspect of lateral border of scapula
I: posteriorly on greater tubercle of humerus |
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Muscles of Elbow and Radioulnar Joint
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Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis, Triceps brachii, Anconeus, Pronator Teres, Pronator quadratus, Supinator
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Flexors of the Elbow joint
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Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
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Extensors of the Elbow joint
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Triceps brachii: all heads, anconues
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Pronators of the Radioulnar joint
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Pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
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Supinators of the Radioulnar joint
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Supinator, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
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Biceps brachii long head
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O: Supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of the glenoid fossa
I: Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis |
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Biceps brachii short head
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O: Coracoid process of the scapula and upper lip of the glenois fossa in conjunction with the proximal attachment of the coracobrachialis
I: Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis |
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Brachialis
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O: Distal half of the anterior shaft of the humerus
I: Coranoid process of the ulna |
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Brachioradialis
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O: Distal 2/3 of the lateral condyloid ridge of the humerus
I: Lateral surface of the distal end of the radius at the styloid process |
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Pronator teres
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O: Distal part of the medial condyloid ridge of the humerus and medial side of the proximal ulna
I: Middle 1/3 of the lateral surface of the radius |
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Pronator quadratus
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O: Distal 1/4 of the anterior side of the ulna
I: Distal 1/4 of the anterior side of the radius |
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Triceps brachii long head
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O: Infraglenoid tubercle below inferior lip of glenoid fossa of the scapula
I: Olecranon process of the ulna |
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Triceps brachii lateral head
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O: Upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus
I: Olecranon process of the ulna |
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Triceps brachii medial head
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O: Distal 2/3 of the posterior surface of the humerus
I: Olecranon process of the ulna |
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Supinator
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O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and neighboring posterior part of the ulna
I: Lateral surface of the proximal radius just below the head |
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Anconeus
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O: Posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus
I: Posterior surface of the lateral olecranon process and proximal 1/4 of the ulna |
