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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diencephalon
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-relay centre for sensory info in the brain
- every single neuron except olfactory synapses here -terminal end synapses on axon to cerebrum - filter |
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Cerebrum
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-conscious thought and control
-decision making |
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Location of Diencephaon
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Between brainstem and cerebrum
Deep in the brain Ontop of midbrain, below cerebrum |
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4 components of Diecephalon
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Thalamus
Epithalamus Subthalamus Hypothalamus |
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Structure of Thalamus
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Largest structure, oval/egg shaped
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Structure of Hypothalamus
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Anterior Floor
Large number of nuclei Grey matter |
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Structure of Epithalamus
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Superior/Inferior to the thalamus
Roof: epithalamus at back on superior side Contains: Habenula/Pineal Gland |
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Structure of Subthalamus
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Inferior to thalamus
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Corpus Callosum
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Part of Cerebrum
White matter/axonal fibres Connects the two hemispheres of the brain Communication between the sides |
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Function and components of Grey Matter
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Supporting Cells
Cell Bodies Axon Terminals Dendrites Function: Interpretation centres, signals coming together |
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Function and components of White Matter
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Myelinated Axons
Functions: Highways, signals sent off to other regions |
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Largest part of the diencephalon
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Thalamus
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Structure of the thalamus
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Two paired grey matter oval masses
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Interthalamic adhesion
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Connections lateral portions of the thalamus
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Third Ventricle
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Surrounds lateral portions of the thalamus
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Sensory info from one side of the body goes to which side of the thalamus
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Opposite side
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Input received by the thalamus
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Sensory input
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The thalamus projects to
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Cerebral cortex (e.g. motor areas)
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Nuclei responsible for auditory impulses
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
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What kind of signal does the Medil Geniculate nucleus receive?
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Inner ear signal
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Nucleus responsible for visual impulses
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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What kind of signal does the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus receive?
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Light hits photosensitive retina
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Composition of Subthalamus
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Ascending and descending nerve tracts
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Nerve Tract
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Bundle of myelinated axons
Make up white matter components of the brain |
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Why is the subthalamus composed of ascending and descending nerve tracts?
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All sensory info has to come up through brainstem through subthalamus toward thalamus where it synapses
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Function of subthalamic nuclei
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Control motor function (along with many other areas of the brain)
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Two parts of the epithalamus
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Habenula and Pineal Gland
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Function of the habenula?
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Emotional and visceral response to odours
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Function of the pineal gland?
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Onset of Puberty
Controversial Biological Clock Function Puberty, menopause, developmental changes, melatonin secretion (sleepiness/ day/night cycles) |
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Matter of the hypothalamus?
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Grey matter (lots of nuclei)
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Infundibulum
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Connects hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
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Pituitary Gland
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Master gland of the body
Secretes hormones |
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Impact of Hypothalamus on Pituitary
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1. Makes hormones and sends them to pituitary for storage
2. Sends signals to pituitary gland to release hormones |
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Under control by Hypothalamus
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mood, emotions, thirst, hunger, sex drive
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Hypothalamus links
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Nervous and endocrine systems
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System controlled by hypothalamus
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Autonomic Response
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Nuclei of hypothalamus
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Greater than 12 in autonomic processing
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Structure of the cerebrum
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Outer layer = Cerebral cortex (Grey matter)
Deep clusters of nuclei =grey matter In between = Cerebral Medulla (White matter) |
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Function of cerebral cortex
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Info processing
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Function of basal nuclei
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Role in conscious motor function of skeletal muscles
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Function of cerebral medulla
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highways
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Largest portion of the brain with billions of neurons
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cerebrum
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Characteristics of the cerebrum
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Gyri - upward folds
Sulci - downward folds Fissures - deep grooves Ventricles - dark spaces Longitudinal fissure: anterior to posterior, separates hemispheres Lateral fissure: separates temporal lobes from other lobes |
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
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Frontal
Parietal Occipital Temporal |
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Role of frontal lobe
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motor function
aggression mood |
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Role of parietal lobe
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touch, taste, pressure
blood pH |
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Role of temporal lobe
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olfactory, auditory input
memory |
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Role of occipital lobe
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reception and integration of visual input
not separated by a specific line |
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Role of central sulcus
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divides frontal and parietal lobe
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Role of lateral fissure
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deeper groove that separates out temporal lobe
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Precentral gyrus
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Posterior frontal lobe
Anterior to central sulcus M1 |
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Postcentral gyrus
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Anterior Parietal lboe
posterior to central sulcus S1 |
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Cerebral Medulla
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- nerve tracts that connect the cortex to other areas of the cortex or other parts of the CNS
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Fibres of the cerebral medulla
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Association fibres
Commissural fibres Projection fibres |
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Association fibres
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Connects areas of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
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Commissural Fibres
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Connects the cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum)
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Projection Fibres
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Connects cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord (internal capsule)
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Spinal Cord
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Long structure of nervous tissue connects brain to peripheral NS
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What are the components of nervous tissue in spinal cord?
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Neurons
Associated glial cells |
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Vertebrae
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Bony structures surrounding the cord
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Vertebral column
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Stacked vertebrae
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Anterior side of the vertebrae
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Smooth
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Posterior side of the vertebrae
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Spiny processes
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Vertebral Foramen
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Hole between spiny processes
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Vertebral Canal
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Successive holes of the vertebral foramen
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Regions of the vertebral column
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Cervical
Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal |
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Role of Vertebrae
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Protection for delicate tissue of spinal cord
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Challenge of Vertebrae
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They make the spinal cord curve
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Meninges
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Keep the spinal cord in the middle of the vertebral column
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Intervertebrae Foramina
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Between each vertebrae where spinal nerves exit and extend to the periphery
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Vertebral column or spinal cord longer?
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Vertebral column is longer than the spinal cord
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Where does the spinal cord end in the adult?
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L2
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When does the vertebral column stop growing?
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18-22
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When does the spinal cord stop growing?
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4-5
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What does the spinal cord link?
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Communication link between the brain and PNS
"super highway where all nerves converge" |
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Two main jobs of the spinal cord
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1. Integrate info: determines where info needs to go after collected from the periphery
2. Produce responses: provide electrical signals Sensory info from periphery Motor info to muscles/glands |
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Location of spinal cord
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Foramen magnum to L2
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L2 Location
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About the level of the inferior rib
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Foramen magnum
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Large circular shaped hole in base of occipital lobe
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What is the spinal cord continuous with?
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Brainstem (medulla)
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What happens past L2?
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Spinal nerves continue down the rest of the vertebral column
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How many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31
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Structure of the spinal cord
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Circular
Flattened on one side Not uniform in diameter |
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Two enlargements of spinal cord and their positions
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Cervical enlargement (C4-T1)
Lumbosacral enlargement (T9-T12) |
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Purpose of spinal cord enlargements
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Extra nervous tissue to supply additional structures of our upper and lower limbs
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Filum Terminale
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How we anchor the spinal cord to the bony structures of the vertebral column on the most inferior aspect (Coccyx)
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Purpose of the filum terminale
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tether to stop inferior/superior movement of the spinal cord
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Conus Medullaris
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Inferior end of the spinal cord
Inferior to lumbosacral enlargement Terminal end of the spinal cord |
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Path of nerves supplying lower limbs
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Exit lumbosacral enlargement
Course down vertebral canal Exit via foramina |
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Where are the meninges continuous?
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The brain and spinal cord
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Most superficial meninge
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Dura Mater
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The dura mater is continous with
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The brain
The epineurium of spinal nerves |
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Tissue of the dura mater
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Tissue of the dura mater
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Location of the Epidural Space
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Space between the dura mater and periosteum
(Not in brain) |
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Components of the epidural space
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Fat
Blood vessels Areolar tissue |
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Function of the epidural space
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Protects spinal cord and holds it in place
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Location of the arachnoid mater
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Deep to dura mater
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Structure of the arachnoid mater
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Avascular
Simple squamous epithelial tissue Delicate network of collagen and elastin fibres |
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Location of the subdural space
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Deep to the arachnoid mater
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What is inside the subdural space?
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Small amount of serous fluid
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Location of the pia mater
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Deep to the arachnoid mater
Tightly adhered to the spinal cord |
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Function of the pia mater
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Contains blood vessels that supply the spinal cord
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Denticulate Ligaments
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Small extensions of pia mater toward dura mater
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Location of denticulate ligaments
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near each of the spinal nerve exits
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Function of denticulate ligaments
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Help anchor spinal cord laterally and prevent it from moving side to side
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Function of filum terminale
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Prevents superior and inferior longitudinal movement
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Location of subarachnoid space
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Between arachnoid and pia mater
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What is the subarachnoid space continuous with?
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Cranial space
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Contents of the subarachnoid space
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CSF
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