Biology-Key Terms

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Atom

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Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element.

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Tissue

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Group of cells with common function.

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Biodiversity

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Total number of species, variability of genes and the communities in which they live.

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Biosphere

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Surface of Earth where organisms are found.

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Adaptation

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Modifications in structure, function, or behavior-more suitable to the environment.

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Natural selection

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Supports survival based on conditions.

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Cell

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The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.

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Community

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Assemblage of species interacting with one another in the same environment.

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Control group

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Sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but does not contain the variable being tested.

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Dependent variable

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The variable with the "then."

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Ecosystem

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Biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a circling of inorganic nutrients.

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Eukeryote

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Enrichment of Water by inorganic nutrients used by phytoplankton.

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Evolution

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Genetic change in a species over time, resulting in the development of genetic and phenotypic differences that are the basis of natural selection.

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Independent variable

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The "if"

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Hypothesis

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Supposition established by reasoning after considering the available evidence.

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Homeostasis

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Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self regulating mechanisms.

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Oregon

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Combination of two or more different tissues performing a common function

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Organ system

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Group of related organs working together. examples are the digestive and endocrine system

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Population

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Group of organisms of the same species occurring in a certain area sharing a common gene pool.

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Prokaryote

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Organism that lacks the membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes

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Extinction

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Total disappearance of a species or higher group

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Molecule

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Union of two or more atoms of the same element , also the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.

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Scientific theory

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Concepts or collection, of Concepts widely supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.

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Scientific law

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Universal principle that describes the basic functions of the natural world.

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Organism

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An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems.

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Experimental group

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The test group exposed to the experimental variable

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Trial

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Number of times experiment is performed.

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Biology

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Scientific study of life.

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Photosynthesis

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A process that transforms solar energy into the chemical energy of organic nutrient molecules.

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Metabolism

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All chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

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Taxonomy

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The discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules.

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Matter

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Anything that takes up space.

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Elements

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All matter, both non living and living, is composed of basic substances called_____.

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Protons

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Positively charged

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Neutrons

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Uncharged

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Electrons

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Negatively charged

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Mass number

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Determined by protons and neutrons

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Atomic number

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The average of the naturally occurring isotopes

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Isotopes

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Atoms of a single element that differ in their number of neutrons

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Electron shells

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Energy levels at discrete distances from the nucleus

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Atomic number

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Equal to the number of electrons

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Isotope

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Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different Mass numbers due to the variation in the number of neutrons.

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Radioisotope

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Isotope of a chemical element having an unstable nucleus that decays emits Alpha Beta or gamma rays until stability is reached.

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Covalent bond

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A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and the stable balance of attractive, and repulsive, forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as_____.

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Molecule

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A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

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Nonpolar covalent bonds

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With equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.

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Polar covalent bonds

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The electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the oxygen nucleus than the hydrogen nucleus.

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Ionic bond

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Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.

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Ion

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An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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Hydrogen bond

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A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an Electrostatic attraction between a proton and one molecule an electronegative atom in the other.

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Chemical equilibrium

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The state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no for their tendency to change with time.

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Cohesion of water

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Holds hydrogen bonds together. Create surface tension on water.

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Adhesion of water

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The water drop is composed of water molecules that like to stick together.

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Subatomic particles

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A particle smaller than an atom or a cluster of such particles.

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Solution

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A liquid mixture in which the minor component is uniformly distributed within the major component. Major = the solvent. Minor = the solute.

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Solvent

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Able to dissolve other substances. The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.

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Solute

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The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solution.

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Hydrophobic

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Tending to repel or fail to mix with water. Such as fats

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Hydrophilic

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Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve then, or be wetted by water

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Hydroxide ion

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Molecular ions with the formula OH

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Hydronium ion

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Contains a positive h with an H2O molecule

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Buffer

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A solution that can resist pH change upon addition of an acid or base component.

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Monomer

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A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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Polymer

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A substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together. Many synthetic organ materials used as Plastics .

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Disaccharide

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Any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.

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Polysaccharide

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A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

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Starch

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Polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glucoside bonds.

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Glycogen

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A multi branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in humans animals and fungi.

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Cellulose

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an organic compound with the formula n, polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred too many thousands of b linked d-glucose

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Chitin

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A fibrosis substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constitutent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

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Triglycerides

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An ester derived from glycerol and Three fatty acids.

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Unsaturated fat

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A fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain.

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Saturated fat

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Fat molecules that have no double bonds between carbon molecules because they are saturated with hydrogen molecules.

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Hydrogenation of fat

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Hydrogen is forced into the empty parking spaces on fat molecules

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Phospholipids

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A liquid containing a phosphate group and its molecule.

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Steroid

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An organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific configuration.

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Cholesterol

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A compound of the sterile type found in most body tissues. Its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other stereo compounds.

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Enzyme

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A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about specific biochemical reactions.

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Polypeptide

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A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino acid residues bonded together the chain, forming a part of a protein molecule.

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Amino acid

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A simple organic compound containing both carboxyl and amino group.

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Peptide bond

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Chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecules, releasing a molecule of water.

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Denaturation

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A process in which proteins are nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, territory structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state.

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Nucleic acid

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A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.

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RNA

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Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. It's principal role is to act as a messenger caring instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.