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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ego Identity
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Formed when people have a firm sense of who they are or what they stand for
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Role Diffusion
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Spread themselves too thin, personal uncertainty, & cannot develop identity by themselves
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Chronic Juvenile Offender
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Arrested 4+ times & are responsible for a majority of serious criminal acts (6%ers)
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Paternalistic Family
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Father is the final authority on all family matters
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Family relations in Middle Ages
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Impersonal relationship between kids & parents due to high mortality rate (lots of babies)
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Enlightenment
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Saw changes in the juvenile system
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Apprenticeship
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Kids placed in care of adults who train them in a specific trade
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Parents Patriae
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Power of the state to act on behalf of the child & provide care & protection = to a parent
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Child Savers
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19th Century develop programs for troubled youth & influenced legislation creating Juvenile System
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Need for treatment
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Criteria on which juvenile sentencing is based, opposed to the seriousness of the act (help not punish)
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Part 1 offenses
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Homicide/non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assaults, burglary, larceny, arson, & motor vehicle theft
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Raw Data
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X number of murders occurred
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Per # of people
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X people in every 100,000 were murdered
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% of change
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X % fewer people were murdered this year than last
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Self-Report Surveys
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Requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts
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Violent crime ratio
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4 to 2
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Property crime ratio
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2 to 1
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Aging-out Process
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Youth reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age
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Age of onset
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Age that youths begin their delinquent careers
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Chronic Offending Links
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Early criminal activity, low intellectual development, & parental drug involvement
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Teen Victimization
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Teens victimize teens, own gender and race
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Choice Theory
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Delinquent behavior is a rational choice
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Routine Activities Theory
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Motivated offender, Suitable targets, & Lack of capable guardians
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General Deterrence
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Depend on the fear of criminal penalties to control crime (Pain outweighs the benefits)
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Specific Deterrence
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Punishment is so severe it will convince them not to repeat the crime
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Situational Crime Prevention
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Reduce opportunity to commit crime by making them more difficult to perform, reducing reward, & increasing risk
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Trait Theory
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Crime due to physical or psychological traits, its impulsive or instinctual
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Father of Criminology
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Cesare Limbroso
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Criminal Atavism
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Less evolved people commit crime (Cavemen)
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ADHD
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Can't finish projects, easily distracted
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Psychodynamic Theory
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Human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes from childhood
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Id
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Unrestrained, pleasure seeking component (shoulder devil)
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Ego
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Equilibrium, restrains Id
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Superego
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Conscience and moral rules (shoulder angel)
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Social Learning Theory
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Behavior is modeled through observation directly or indirectly
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Social Structure Theories
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Social & economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas
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Social Disorganization
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Run down neighborhood, insufficient organization
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Cultural transmission
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Passing on deviant traditions & delinquent values from 1 generation to the next
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Relative Deprivation
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Rich & poor live in close proximity
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Strain
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Failure to achieve one's social goals
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Anomie
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Personal goals cannot be achieved using available means
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Negative Affective States
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Anger, depression, disappointment, & fear
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Culture Deviance Theory
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Independent subcultures w/ a unique set of values that clash w/ the mainstream culture
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Social Control Theory
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Weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers, school)
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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Youth act out social roles even if they were falsely bestowed
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Critical Theory
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Unequal distribution of power & wealth
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Developmental Theory
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Criminality is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences & individual characteristics
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The Life Course Theory
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Changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life
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Glueck Research
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Longitudinal study that followed the careers of known delinquents
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Adolescent-limited Offender
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Antisocial behavior peaks in adolescence & then diminishes
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Life Course Persistent Offender
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Delinquent career continues well into adulthood
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Pseudomaturity
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Engage in early sexuality & drug use
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Problem Behavior Syndrome
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Family disfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality & early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, & unemployment
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Latent Trait View
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Delinquency is controlled by a "Master Trait" that remains stable & unchanging throughout a person's life
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General Theory of Crime
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Modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, & rational choice theories
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Left Brain
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Control language (Girls)
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Right Brain
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Control spatial relations (Boys)
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Gender Schema Theory
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Boys and Girls follow "scripts" that tell them how to act
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Masculinity Hypothesis
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Delinquent girls have excessive male characteristics
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Chivalry Hypothesis
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Male agents overlook female crime
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Penis Envy
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Girls are envious of boys, feel the need to compensate for "defect" (Freud)
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Liberal Feminist
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Social roles provide fewer opportunities for girls to commit crime
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Critical Feminist
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Male exploration of women acs as a trigger for delinquent behavior
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Power-Control Theory
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Class influences delinquency by controlling quality of family life
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Nuclear Family
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Traditional family 2 parents and biological child
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Physical Abuse
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Shaken-baby sundrome
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Physical Neglect
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Failure to provide adequate food, shelter, or medical care
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Emotional abuse or Neglect
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Constatnt criticism & rejection, inadequate nurturing
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Sexual Abuse
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The exploitation of children through rape, incest, & molestation
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Effects of Abuse
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Experience mental & social problems across their lifespan, ranging from substance abuse to possession of a damaged personality
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Familicide
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Stepchildren are over-represented in these cases, murder in the family by family member
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The Cycle of Violence
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Child abuse victims have heightened involvement with delinquency & substance abuse, and maybe become child abusers
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Controversial Status Youth
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Aggressive, popular kids either highly liked or disliked
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Gangs
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Groups of youth who engage in delinquent behavior
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London's 1st gangs
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Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys
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Gang members spend the bulk of their time
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In noncriminal activity
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# of gang members
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800,000
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# of gangs
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27,000
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Gang Signals
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Fingers, hands, body, graffiti
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MS-13
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Latino gang
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Anthropological View
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Longing for tribal process
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Social Disorganization/Sociocultural
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Forces in poor inner-city is the major causes of gang formation
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Anomie/Alienation view
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Cultural & individual level
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Psychological view
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Outlet for disturbed youth who suffer a multitude of personal problems & deficits
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Rational Choice View
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Rational choice
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Kids rely more on friends and less on
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adults
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Dropouts
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are high but declining
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School failure
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Very strong predictor of delinquency
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Chronic Offenders are associated w/
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Academic failure & delinquency
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Tracking
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Dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level
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School Shooting Times
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Start of the day, lunch period, or end of the day
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Plan of attack
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Developed well in advanced
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Shooter history
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Depressed, desperate, picked on or bullied
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School Security efforts
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Access control, gates, picture id's, security cameras, resource officers
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Legal searches
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Reasonable grounds a student has violated a law or broken a school rule
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Free Speech in schools
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Cannot interfere w/ the educational process
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Corporal Punishment
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Ingraham v, Wright upheld it in schools, but cannot be excessive
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Marijuana
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Main ingredient THC, most commonly used drug by teens
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Cocaine
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Derivative of the cocoa plant
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Crack
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Cheap Cocaine
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Alcohol
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Drug of choice for teens, 2/3 reported use ding in the past year
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Inhalants
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Vapors that you inhale
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Sedatives
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Depressionts, affect central nervous system
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Heroine
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Opeom & sugar cut together
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Stimulants
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Increases blood pressure, breathing rate, bodily activity, 7 elevate mood
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Gateway drugs
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Leads to use of more serious drugs
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War on drugs
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President Reagon
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Critics against child savers
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True objectives were to protect there own class & cheap labor
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Orphan trains
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Ship urban youth to western farms (Charles Brace)
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Reform Schools
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Take care of basic education for vagrant/delinquent youth
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Illinois Juvenile Court Act
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1st to change system
Separate court for juveniles, special procedures, separation of kids from adults in courts and institutions, probation program |
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In re Gault
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Allowed basic Due Process rights to juveniles
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Adjudication
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Trail stage of juvenile court, focus is on treatment
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Waiver
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Try kid as an adult
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Prevention
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Adresses risk factors before they make an affect
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Alternative Courts
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Alleviate case flow problems resulting form overcrowding
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Teen Courts
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Teens are the in the jury
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Drug Courts
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Focus on providing treatment for juveniles accused of drug related acts
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Future for Juvenile Court
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Some call for abolition & others demand more focus on rehabilitation
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Pledge system
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Neighbors help each other
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Watch System
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1 person to watch for fires and thieves (night)
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Bobbies
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London & England's 1st police force (Sir Robert)
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Ward System
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Watching for fires (Day)
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Felonies
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Part 1 offenses
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Role Conflict
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Law enforcer & social worker, best interest of the child v. discretion
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% of felonies handled informally
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22
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Probably Cause
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Reasonable suspicion or evidence
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In loco parentis
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In place fo parent
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MIranda rights
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Rights read when taken into custody
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Police Discretion
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Norms of community, Policies of department, Customs of department, Level of procedural justice
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4th Amendment
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Protection against unlawful search and seizer
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Illegally obtained evidence
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Can't be used in court
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Custodial Interrogation
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Questioning will in custody
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People vs. Lara
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Totality of circumstances, depends on if a kid can give away their rights
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Police in Schools
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GREAT or DARE programs
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Community Policing
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Work with community & are involved with activities in community
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Problem-Oriented Policing
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Systematic analysis & response to problems underlying criminal behavior
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Guardian ad Litem (GAL)
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Seen in abuse, neglect, and dependency cases
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Public Defender
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All public defender program, Appointed private counsel system, Combo of both
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Prosecutor/District Attorney
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Brings state's case against juvenile
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Judges Duties
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Ruling on pretrail motions, Decide about continued detention, Decide about plea-bargaining, Handle trails, Handle waver proceeding, handle appeals
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Diversion
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Placing youth into treatment programs prior to formal processing
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Critics of Diversion
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Argue that it widens the net
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Complaint report
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Initiates the intake process
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Petition
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Formal complaint that starts the trial
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Concurrent Jurisdiction
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Juvenile and adult court both have jurisdiction
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Statutory Exclusion
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Excluded by juvenile court
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Judicial Waiver
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Judge decides to waiver or not
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Mandatory sentencing policies
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They have to take the sentencing for their crime, no choices
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Roperv. Simmons
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Unconstitutional for juveniles to be sentenced to death
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Probation
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Non punitive, emphasizes community treatment w/ close supervision (Primary Form)
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Probation Conditions
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Strict set of rules that must be followed
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# of probation releases in 2005
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2/3
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INtensive Supervision
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Small specialized case load ( no more that 8), Failures are high
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electronic Monitoring
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House arrest
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Restitution
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Monetary, Victim Service, Community Service
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After Reform schools
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Cottage system
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Group Treatment
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Postitive Peer culture
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Wilderness programs
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Outdoor expeditions
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Juvenile Boot Camps
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Get tough approaches
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Aftercare
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"Parole", transitional assistance to juvenile to help them adjust to community life
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