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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Latent Trait Theory |
The view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a "master trait", present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person's lifetime. |
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Life Course Theory |
A developmental theory that focuses on changes in behavior as people travel along the path of life and how these changes affect crime and delinquency |
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Developmental Theory |
The new of criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics. |
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Self Control |
Refers to a person's ability to exercise restraint and control over their feelings, emotions, reactions, and behaviors. |
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Self Control Theory was created by who? |
Gottfredson and Hirschi |
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Social Capital |
Positive relations with individuals and institutions, as in a successful marriage or a successful career, that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior. |
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What theory involves social capital? |
Age graded theory/ Life course |
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Resiliency |
The capability for girls from broken homes to succeed and avoid involvement in delinquency with support from caring adults, school Connectedness, school success, and religiosity |
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Masculinity Hypothesis |
view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men |
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Contemporary psychology on female offending |
They suffer from mental anguish and abnormalities. Antisocial females suffer psychiatric problems and have dysfunctional/ violent relationships. |
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Paternalism |
A type of family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercises complete control over his wife and children |
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Parens Patriae |
The power of the state to act on behalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent |
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Status Offender |
A child who is subject to state authority by reason of having committed an act forbidden to youth and illegal solely because of underaged status |
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Child Savers |
Nineteenth century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today some critics view them as being more concerned with control of the poor than their welfare. |
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Specific Deterrence |
Sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince them not to repeat their criminal activity. |
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General Deterrence |
Crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes. The aim is to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity. |
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Hot Spot |
A particular location or address that is the site of repeated and frequent criminal activity |
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Collective Efficacy |
A process in which mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order create a sense of wellbeing in a neighborhood and help control antisocial activities. |
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Cultural Transmission |
The process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next |
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Parental Efficacy |
Families in which parents are able to integrate their children into the household unit while at the same time helping them assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior. |
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Broken Home |
Home in which one or both parents are absent due to divorce or separation. Children in such an environment may be prone to antisocial behavior. |
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Intrafamily Violence |
An environment of discord and conflict within the family. Children who grow up in dysfunctional homes often exhibit delinquent behaviors, having learned at a young age that aggression pays off. |
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Nuclear Family |
A family unit composed of parents and their children. This smaller family structure is subject to great stress due to intense, close contact between parents and children. |
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Co-Offending |
Committing criminal acts in groups |
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Gang |
Group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors |
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Addiction-prone Personality |
The view that the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a personality that has a compulsion for mood-altering drugs |
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Juvenile Prosecutor |
Government attorney responsible for representing the interests of the state and bringing the case against the accused juvenile |
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Guardian Ad Litem |
A court appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare |
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After Care |
Transitional assistance to juveniles equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjust to community life |
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Reentry |
The process and experience of returning to society upon release from a custody facility post-adjudication |
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Most common sentencing in the juvenile justice system? |
Indeterminate sentencing |
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Most common punishment used in the juvenile justice system? |
Probation |
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Females are known to commit more of what type of offense? |
Status offenses |
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Diversion |
Officially halting or suspending a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at any legally prescribed processing point after a recorded justice system entry, and referral of that person to a treatment or care program, or a recommendation that the person be released |
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Net Widening |
Phenomenon that occurs when programs created to divert youths from the justice system actually involve them more deeply in the official process |
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Least Detrimental Alternative |
Choosing a program that will best foster a child's growth and development |
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Transfer |
Processing a juvenile offender from juvenile court jurisdiction to adult criminal court |
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Waiver |
Transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecution |
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How many people are needed to be considered a gang? |
3 |
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What right during the court process are juveniles not allowed to have? |
A right to a trial by jury |
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What is the anthropological explanation for gangs? |
That people are hard wired from ancestral practices |
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What is the standard needed for police searches? |
Probable Cause |
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What is the standard needed for school officials to search? |
Suspicion |
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Which drug has had the biggest drop in use within the youth? |
Tobacco |
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What programs are most effective in juvenile prevention? |
Health and developmental interventions |
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Does juvenile incarceration work? Why or why not? |
No. They are too widely used and non effective. |
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What is the majority result from police responses on juvenile delinquency? |
Referral to Court |
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What social changes in the 1800's contributed to the juvenile justice system? |
Urbanization and industrialization |
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What are weaknesses of the UCR? |
It omits crimes not reported to the police, drug use, and contains reporting errors |
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What are the different types of Crime Data Reports? |
UCR (Uniform Crime Report), Self Reports, and Victimization Reports |
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What is the most commonly used self reporting survey used for the juvenile justice system? |
The MTF (Monitoring the Future) |
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How has the crime trend been since the 1990's? |
It has had a significant decline |
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How are crime data reports similar? How are they different? |
They are similar in the fact that they agree with the crime trend drop yet different that they both report different crime rates |
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What do early trait theorists say? |
From Lombroso, delinquents manifest physical abnormalities that make them similar to primitive ancestors. Otherwise known as "born criminal" traits. |
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What is the core idea of rational choice theory? |
That offenders are rational decision makers that choose to engage in antisocial behavior because they believe their actions will be beneficial. |
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Trait Theory |
Delinquent acts are a product of personal problems and conditions such as aberrant physical/ psychological traits. |
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Social Learning Theory |
The view that behavior is modeled through observation, eitherdirectly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media. Interactions that are rewarded are copied, whereas those that are published are avoided. |
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Labeling Theory |
Society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate (label) certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing them and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity |
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Social Disorganization |
Neighborhood or area marked by cultural conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population, and insufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas |
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Differential Association Theory |
Asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily in interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they learn in those groups that are favorable to violating the law exceed definitions favorable to obeying the law |
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Why do minorities dropout at higher rates than whites? |
There is a function of inequality of educational opportunity. Minority students have been subject to disproportionate disciplinary actions. |
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School context of Alienation |
Function of students' inability to see the relevance of what they are taught. Especially in low-income families, schooling seems to be meaningless, deviant behaviors seem to become more attractive |
