Juvenile Delinquency Final

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cliques

Back 1

small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences

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crowds

Back 2

loosely organized groups who share interests and activities

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controversial status youth

Back 3

aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers and who are the ones most likely to become engaged in antisocial behavior

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gang

Back 4

group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors

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interstitial group

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delinquent group that fills a crack in the scoial fabric and maintains standard groups of practices

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disorganized neighborhood

Back 6

inner-city areas of extreme poverty where the critical social control mechanisms have broken down

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near-groups

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clusters of youth who, outwardly, seem unified, but actually have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations

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barrio

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latino word meaing "neighborhood"

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graffiti

Back 9

inscriptions or drawings made on a wall or structure and used by delinquents for gang messages and turf definition

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representing

Back 10

tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation

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skinhead

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member of a european american supremacist gang, identified by a shaved skull and Nazi or KKK markings

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prestige crimes

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stealing or assaulting someone to gain prestige in the neighborhood; often part of gang initiation rites

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detached street workers

Back 13

social workers who go out into the community and establish close relationships with juvenile gangs with the goal of modifying gang behavior to conform to conventional behaviors and help gang members get jobs/educational opportunities

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academic achievement

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being successful in a school environment

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truant

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being out of school without permission

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drop out

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to leave school before completing the required program

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underachievers

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those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement

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school failure

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failing to achieve success in school can result in frustration, anger, and reduced self esteem, which may contribute to delinquent behavior

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tracking

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dividing students into groups accoring to their ability and achievement levels

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zero tolerance policy

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mandating specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and not allowing anyone to avoid these consequences

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passive speech

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form of expression protected by the 1st amend. but not associated with actually speaking words; examples include wearing symbols or protest messages on buttons or signs

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active speech

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expressing an opinion by speaking or writing, protected by 1st amendment

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hashish

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a concentrated formula of cannabis made from unadulterated resin from the female cannabis plant

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marijuana

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the dried leaves of the cannabis plant

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cocaine

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a powerful natural stimulant derived from the coca plant

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crack

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a highly addictive crystalline form of cocaine containing remnants of hyrdochloride and sodium bicarbonate; it makes a crackling sound when smoked

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heroin

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a narcotic made from opium and then cut with sugar or some other neutral substance until it is only 1-4% pure

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addict

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someone with an overpowering physical or pyschological need to continue taking a particular substance or drug

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alcohol

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fermented or distilled liquids containing ethanol, an intoxicating substance

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anesthetic drugs

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nervous system depressants

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inhalants

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volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled, producing short term excitement and euphoria followed by a period of disorientation

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sedatives

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drugs of the barbiturate family that depress the central nervous system into a sleeplike condition

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tranquilizers

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drugs that reduce anxiety and promote relaxation

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hallucinogens

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natural or synthetic substances that produce vivid distorions of the senses without grealy disturbing consciousness

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stimulants

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synthetic substances that produce an intense physical reaction by stimulating the central nervous system

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anabolic steroids

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drug used by athletes and body builders to gain muscle bulk and strength

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designer drugs

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lab-made drugs designed to avoid existing drug laws

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addiction-prone personality

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the view that the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a personality that has a compulsion for mood-altering drugs

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gateway drugs

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a substance that leads to use of other more serious drugs, alcohol uses has been thought to lead to more serious drug abuse

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multisystemic treatment (MST)

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address a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems

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harm reduction

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efforts to minimize the harmful effects caused by drug use

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legalization of drugs

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decriminalizing drug use to reduce the assoication between drug use and crime

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house of refuge

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a care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment

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Children's Aid Society

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Child-saving organization that took children from the streets of large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie

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orphan train

Back 45

a practice of the Children's Aid Society in which urban youths were sent west for adoption with local farm couples

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Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC)

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first established in 1874, these organizations protected children subjected to cruelty and neglect at home or school

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Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

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Unit in the U.S. Department of Justice established by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streeets Act of 1968 to administer grants and provide guidance for crime prevention policy and programs

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Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

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branch of the U.S. Justice Department charged with shaping national juvenile justice policy through disbursement of federal aid and research funds

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juvenile justice process

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under the parens patriae philosophy, JJ procedures are informal and nonadversarial, invoked for juvenile offenders rather than against them; a petition instead of complaint is filed; courts make findings involvement or adjudication of delinquency instead of convictions; and juvenile offenders receive dispositions instead of sentences

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detention hearing

Back 50

hearing by judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile is to be detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case

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adjudicatory hearing

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the fact-finding process wherein the juvi court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition

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bifurcated process

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the procedure of seperating adjudicatory and dispositionary hearings so different levels of evidence can be heard at each

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disposition

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for juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adults, juvenile dispostions should be more rehabilitative than retributive

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petition

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document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile

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teen courts

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courts that make use of peer juries to decide nonserious delinquency cases

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drug courts

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courts whose focus is providing treatment for youths accused of drug-related acts

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systematic review

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type of review that uses rigorous methods for locating, appraising, and synthesizing evicence from prior evaluation studies

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meta-analysis

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a statistical technique that synthesizes results from prior evaluation studies

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pledge system

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early english system in which neighbors protected each other from theives and warring groups

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watch system

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replaced the pledge system in england; watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to provide protection from harm

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community policing

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police strategy that emphasizes fear reduction, community organization, and order maintenance, rather than crime fighting

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juvenile officers

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police officers who specialize in dealing with juvi offenders; they may operate alone or as part of a juvenile police unit in the department

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role conflicts

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conflicts police face that revolve around the requirement to perform their primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders

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informant

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person who has access to criminal networks and shares info with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment under conditions of anonymity

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problem-oriented policing

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law enforcement that fouces on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone

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arrest

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taking a person into the custody of the law to restrain the accused until he or she can be helf accountable for the offense in court proceedings

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probable cause

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reasonable ground to believe the existence of facts that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense

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search and seizure

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the US Constitution protects citizens from any search and seizure by police without a lawfully obtained warrant, such warrants are issued when there is probable cause to believe that an offense has been committed

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custodial interrogation

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questions posed by the police to a suspect held in custody in the prejudicial stage of the JJ process; juveniles have the same rights as adults against self-incrimination when being questioned

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Miranda Warnings

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Supreme Court decisions require police to inform individuals under arrest of their rights; warnings must also be given when the suspicion begins to focus on an individual at the accusatory stage

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discretion

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use of personal decsion making and choice in carrying out operations in the CRJ system, such as deciding whether to make an arrest ot accept a plea bargain

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procedural justice

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an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offenders or another groups problem or dispute was handled by police

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juvenile defense attorneys

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represent the child in juvenile court and play an active role at all stages of the proceedings

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guardian ad litem

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a court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the childs welfare

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public defender

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an attorney who works in a public agency or under private contractual agreement as defense counsel to indigent defendants

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juvenile prosecutor

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government attorney responsible for representing the interests of the state and bringing the case against the accused juvenile

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juvenile court judge

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judge elected or appointed to preside over juvenile cases whose decisions can only be reviewed by a judge of a higher court

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shelter care

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a place for temporary care of children in physically unrestricting facilities

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bail

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amount of money that must be paid as a condition of pretrial release to ensure that the accused will return to subsequent proceedings; normally set at the initial appearance. if unable to make bail the accused is detained in jail

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preventive detention

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keeping the accused in custody prior to trial because the accused is suspected of being a danger to the community

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intake

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process during which a juvenile referral is received and a decision made to file a petition in juvenile court or to release the juvenile, to place the juvenile under supervision, or to refer the juvenile elsewhere

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diversion

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officially halting or suspending a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at any legally prescribed processing point after a recorded justice system entry, and referral of that person to a treatment or care program or a person recommendation that the person be released

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widening the net

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phenomenon that occurs when programs created to divert youths from the justice system actually involve them more deeply in the official process

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complaint

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report made by the police or some other agency to the court that initiates the intake process

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plea bargaining

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the exchange of prosecutorial and judicial concessions for a guilty plea by the accused; plea bargaining usually results in a reduced charge or a more lenient sentence

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transfer process

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transferring a juvenile from the jurisdiction of juvenile court to adult criminal court

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due process

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basic constitutional principle based on the concept of the primacy of the individual and the complementary concept of limitation on governmental power; safeguards from unfair state procedures

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least detrimental alternative

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choosing a program that will best foster a childs growth and development

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indeterminate sentence

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does not specify the length of time the juvenile must be held; rather, correctional authorities decide when the juvi ready to return to society

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determinate sentence

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specifies a fixed term of detention that must be served

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mandatory sentence

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defined by a statutory requirement that states the penalty to be set for all cases of a specific offense

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final order

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order that ends litigation between to parties by determining all their rights and disposing of all the issues

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appellate process

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allows the juvenile an opportunity to have the case brought before a reviewing court after it has been heard in juvenile or family court

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writ of habeas corpus

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judicial order requesting that a person detaining another produce the body of the prisoner and give reasons for his capture and detention

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confidentiality

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restricting information in juvenile court proceedings in the interest of protecting the privacy of the juvenile

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community treatment

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using nonsecure and non-institutional residences, counseling services, victim restitution programs, and other community services to treat juvenile in their own communities

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suppression effect

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a reduction of the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or otherwise punished

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probation

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nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment in which the juvenile is closely supervices by and officer of the court and must adhere to a strict set of rules to avoid incarceration

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juvenile probation officer

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involved in all four stages of court process (intake, predisposition, post adjudication, postdisposition) who assists the court and supervises the juveniles placed on probation

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predispostion report

Back 100

developed by the juvenile PO that includes clinical diagnosis of the juvenile and the need for court assistance, relevant environmental and personality factors, and other information to assist the court in developing a treatment plan

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conditions of probation

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rules and regulations mandating that a juvenile on probation behave in a particular way

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juvenile intensive probation supervision

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true alternative to incarceration that involved almost daily supervision of the juvenile by probation officers assigned to the case

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house arrest

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offender is required to stay home during specific periods of time, monitoring is done by random phone calls and visits or by electronic devices

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electronic monitoring

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active monitoring systems consist of a radio transmitter worn by the offender that sends a continuous signal to the probation dept. computer, passived systems employ computer-generated random phone calls that must be answered in a certain period of time from a particular phone

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balanced probation

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programs that integrate community protectionm accountability of the juvenile offender, competency, and individualized attention to the offender, based on the principle of accepting responsibility for behaviors

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monetary restitution

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offenders compensate crime victims for out-of-pocket losess caused by the crime, including property damage, lost wages, and medical expenses

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victim service restitution

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providing service directly to the victims

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community service restitution

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assisting some worth while community organization for a period of time

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residential programs

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residential, non secure facilities such as a group home, foster home, family group home, or rural home where the juvi can be closely monitored and develop close relationships with staff and members

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group homes

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nonsecured, structured residences that provide counseling, education, job training, and family living

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foster care programs

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placement with families who provide attention, guidance, and care

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family group homes

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combination of foster care and group home, they are run by a single family rather than by professional staff

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rural programs

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specific recreational and opportunities provided for juvis in a rural setting such as forestry, farming, ranching

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reform schools

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institutions in which educational and psychological services are used in an effort to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained

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cottage system

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housing in a compound of small cottages, each of which accommodates 20-40 kiddos

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least restrictive alternative

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a program with the least restrictive or secure setting that will benefit the child

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individual counseling

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counselors help juveniles understand and solve their current adjustment problems

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psychotherapy

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highly structured counseling in which a therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts and make a more positive adjustment to society

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reality therapy

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form of counseling that emphasizes current behavior and requires the individual to accept responsibilty for all actions

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behavior modification

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technique for shaping desired behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments

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group therapy

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counseling several individuals together in one session

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guided group interation (GGI)

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through group interactions a delinquent can acknowledge and solve personal problems with support from other group members

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positive peer culture (PPC)

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counseling program in which peer leaders encourage other group members to modify their behavior and peers help reinforce acceptable behaviors

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milieu therapy

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all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged

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wilderness probation

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programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juvis to confront difficulties in their lives while achieving personal positive satisfaction

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boot camps

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programs that combine get-tough elements with education, substance abuse treatments, and social skills training

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meta-analysis

Back 127

an analysis technique that synthesizes results across many programs over time

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right to treatment

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philosophy epoused by many courts that juvenile offenders have a statutory right to treatment while under the jurisdiction of the courts

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aftercare

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transitional assistance to juveniles equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjust to community life

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reentry

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the process and experience of returning to society upon release from a custody facility post adjudication

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Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP)

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balanced, highly structured, comprehensive continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to the community