Buffstate Delinquency 1

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child savers

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19th century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system

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status offenses

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conduct that is only illegal because the child is underage

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Uniform Crime Report

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compiled by the FBI; most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics

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restorative justice

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non punitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system healing vs punishing

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general deterrence

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crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties; the pain outweighs the benefits of criminal activity

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specific deterrence

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sending convicted offenders to secure incarnation facilities so that punishment is severe enough to prohibit future crimes

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self fulfilling prophecy

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deviant behaviors that are a response to an earlier label; youths act out these social roles

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masculinity hypothesis

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view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to men

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chivalry hypothesis

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low female crime and delinquency rates are a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders

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social learning theory

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view that behavior is modeled through observation

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social structure theory

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theories that suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower class areas push residents into criminal behavior

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paternalistic families

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father is final authority with complete control over wife and children

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egalitarian families

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husband and wife share power; daughters have more freedom therefore their crime patterns mirror that of their brothers

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self report surveys

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a research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in crimes

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choice theory

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engage in activity after weighing pros and cons

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trait theory

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engaging in delinquent behavior due to aberrant physical or psychological traits that govern their choices

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latent trait views

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view that behavior is controlled by a "master trait" present at birth that remains unchanging throughout a persons life

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turning point

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career and marriage

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juvenile delinquency

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participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit

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identity crisis

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psychological state identified by Erikson, in which youths face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles

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problem behavior syndrome

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a cluster of antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse. sexual abuse, et cetera

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Oscar Lewis

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"culture of poverty"; view that lower class people form a separate culture with values and norms of their own

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Robert Merton

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developed anomie and strain theories

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Cesare Bacarria

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developed choice theory; the "rational delinquent"

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anomie

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without acceptable means for obtaining success, individuals feel social and psychological stress; may use deviant methods to achieve goals or develop deviant goals

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strain

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a condition caused by the failure to achieve ones social goals

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Cesare Lombroso

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father of criminology; developed criminal atavism or trait theory

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urbanization

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rapid urban growth means more youth at risk

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Sheldon & Eleanor Glueck

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Harvard; focused on early onset of delinquency as a harbinger of a delinquent career