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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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as age inceases so does you risk of...
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cancer, esp. over 65yo
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increased exposure...
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increases your risk
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men are _____ at risk than women
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more
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treatment can last a lifetime. examples:___
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physically, emotionally, socially, culturally, and spiritually
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MALES
#1 diagnosed cancer #1 cause of death |
prostate.
lungs. |
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FEMALES
#1 diagnosed cancer #1 cause of death |
breast.
lungs. |
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oncology nurses can work in...
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hospitals, home health, clinics, ect.
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chances and age w/ risk
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20yo 1%
50yo 7% 60yo 10-16& 60-74yo even greater risk |
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survival rates
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due to economic factores, barriers in healthcare and lack of screenings; do screening and edu. for all pt; african americans are more at risk for every type of caner reguardless of age and have a decreased survival rate
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normal cell growth
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specific cells have a specific job; any changes in a cell can cause a cancer cell; normal cells function and die properly
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hyperplasia
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increase in the number of cells and density of cells; normal body function; can increase with metabolic demands (pregnancy); cells are under normal DNA control
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metaplasia
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diving cells that differentiate in places where they shouldn't be; under DNA control; chance these cells can be reversed
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dysplasia
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beginning of loss of DNA control; differene in size, shape, appearance, and arrangement of cells
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anaplasia
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loose differentiation of the cell; the cell is not under DNA control. the DNA is damaged
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characteristics of benign tumor cells
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consisits of the same types of cells but too many and too much; bind tightly together; form fibrinogen that holds the cells together in place; non-migratory: they do not move, stay in one place in the body; cells are contact inhibited; cell are eupliod cells: normal set of chromosomes-23
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what is cancer
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DNA get transformed and does innapropriate things; caused by a stimulant; no longer an organized cellular division process
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characteristics of cancer cells
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cells do not respond to the signal to die, but increase in number; they have a BIG nucleus, loose function, adhere loosely togther, easily spread through the body; not inhibited by contact with any surfaces (organs/bones); can invade different organs; not normal set of chromosomes; produces an enzyme that is important for cancer growth
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malignant transformation
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4 stages of the cell on its way to metastasis...
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1)initiation
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1st step; a stimulus gets inside the cell nucleus and damages the DNA; it can be a chemical, physical or VIRAL agent; if the cell can not divide, it does not cause cancer; cancer can come form 1 cell
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2)promotion
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the cell must be promoted; a substance promotes and enhances the cell to divide (hormone, drug, chemicals...#1 is smoking)
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3)progression
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cells can not only grow but establish colonies. est. blood suply after it increases in size. it can produce an enzyme(tumor angiogenesis) that triggers cap. blood and food supply.
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4)metastasis
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spread throughout the body. even when cancer breaks off and travels to another part of the body, its still considered to be from the original site
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METASTASIS
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extention into surrounding tissues; bl. vessel penentration; release of tumor cells; invasion
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lymphatic spread
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#1 way to spread. detach into lymph system and lodge at different places in the body
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you can see a tumor that is 1cm in size
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1cm=1billion cancer cells
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2 most common places for metastasis
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bones and lungs
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cancer etiology and genetic risk...3 factors...
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1 exposure to carcinogens
2 genetic predisposition 3 immune function |
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oncogenes
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turn on cellular growth; go from being locked to unlocked
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suppressor genes
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turn off cellular growth; act at the level of DNA; if these genes are not working, then the body's normal ability to suppress is not working; these cells can malfunction and will no longer suppress like they should
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external factors causing cancer
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chemical, physical, voral and dietary factors...
78-80% are linked to cancer #1 is smoking |
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chemical carcinogens
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smoking (initiates and promotes); pesticides, wood and leather dust; chemo therapy can cause a diff type of cancer later; radiation
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physical carcinogens
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radiation- can alter cells,may or may not be reproduced; chronic irriation- penile, burns
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viral carcinogens
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virus changes the cell DNA to its own and causes cancer; unlocks oncogenes; Epstein-barr, hep B, HPV, herpes simplex, HIV, H pylori
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dietary factors
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r/t 35% of encironmental stimuli; increased fat and decreased fiber in the diet; artifical sweetners, red dye, smoked meats, alcohol, nitrates and nitrites
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things good for cancer prevention
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preciferous foods...
cabbage, brochli, increased fiber, decreased fats, fruits, caritonoids, vit C & E, zinc, cellinium |
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planning nutritional options
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be possitive when offering choices to a cancer patient
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obesity
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increased risk for cancer: colorectal, kidney, endometrial, post-menipausal, and breast
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personal factors and cancer developement
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immune functions, age, genetic risk, genetic testing for cancer predisposition
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immune function
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cell-mediated immunity;
natural killer cells; t-cells |
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natural killer cells
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looks for cancer cells
act directly on the cancer cell or can produce an enzyme, lymphochyme, to kill the cell |
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what goes wrong???...
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t-cell suppression, chemo, HIV, transplant, drcrease with age, and function decrease too
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cancer cells disguise and hide from the immune system until....
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they're big enough and then the immune system can not handle the cells anymore
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some peoples immune systems are just naturally....
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suppressed, can be from STRESS
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age
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the sinlge most importrant risk for cancer; over time, increased exposure to environmental carcinogens; can be overlooked as normal sihns of aging(blood in the urine/stool...subtle changes); longer exposure to the sun; expect cancer to increase with the increase in the aging population (baby-boomers)
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genetic risk
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inherited genetic trends only account for 5-10% of cancers; inherited conditions are a greater risk (shared environments); a lot on cancer is just chance and how your personal immune system function and responds
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genetic testing for cancer predisposition
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blood cancer test; not covered by insurance.
what do you do with info as a pt.? |
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BRCA 1
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detects breast and cervical cancers
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BRCA 2
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detects early breast cancer
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diagnosing cancer
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h&p, screenings, biopsy, unltrasound, x-ray, endoscopic exams, radioisotope scanning, lab tests, CBC, ect.
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the best way to to diagnose cancer...
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is to open the body. removing the tumor and getting a sample(histology report)
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PET scan
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can give you a head to toe look at the body and shows cancers other test cannot pick up. uptkae of radioactive glucose in a tumor is greater and allows it to be seen
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there are 2 types of cancers
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1 solid tumors
2 blood born |
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cancer grading and stage
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grading, ploidy, and staging.
helps to diagnose, treat, and prognose cancer. ploidy-abnormal number of chromosomes; staging-cancer through the rest of the body |
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grading
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G(0)-G(4)
one of the first steps in diagnosing cancer G4-high G0-low/none |
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ploidy
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23 is normal.
the more cancer cells you have, the greater variations in chromosomes you will find. |
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TNM staging system
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T-tumor
N-lymph M-matastasis all graded on 0-4 only used with solid tumors, not blood born |
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tumor markers
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HCG, CEA, AFP, PSA.
drawn through blood |
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treatment-related consequences of cancer
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goals should be realistic. can be for a cure, control of growth, or for palative measures.
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