Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
は |
Indicantes the topic of a sentence
|
|
|
か
|
At the end of a sentence indicating a question
|
|
|
が
|
Indicates the subject of a sentence
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates a location
|
|
|
の
|
Indicates possession
|
|
|
は
|
Indicates a contrast between 2 items
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates time or frequency
|
|
|
へ
|
Indicates direction
|
|
|
を
|
Indicates the direct object of a verb
|
|
|
と
|
Used to connect and list up multiple items
|
|
|
や
|
Used to connect and partially list up multiple items
|
|
|
など
|
Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items
|
|
|
も
|
means “too”, “either”, “also”
|
|
|
も
|
both…and…, neither…nor…
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates the indirect object of a verb
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates the location of an action
|
|
|
と
|
Together with
|
|
|
の
|
Indicates an apposition
|
|
|
から
|
Indicates a starting point in time or place
|
|
|
より
|
Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)
|
|
|
まで
|
Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity
|
|
|
くらい
|
Indicates an approximate amount
|
|
|
ほど
|
Indicates an approximate amount
|
|
|
ばかり
|
Indicates an approximate amount
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates a means or material
|
|
|
か
|
Indicates a choice or alternative
|
|
|
を
|
Indicates a point of departure
|
|
|
を
|
Indicates a route of a movement/motion
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates a point of arrival
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates an entering motion
|
|
|
に
|
Used together with a verb to express a purpose
|
|
|
と
|
Used when quoting someone
|
|
|
と いう
|
Indicates the name of something
|
|
|
とか
|
“something like”
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates a limit or scope
|
|
|
と
|
Indicates a comparison
|
|
|
より
|
Indicates a comparison
|
|
|
より
|
Indicates superlative
|
|
|
くらい
|
Indicates a comparison
|
|
|
ほど
|
Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence
|
|
|
か
|
someone, something
|
|
|
も
|
“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word
|
|
|
に
|
Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice
|
|
|
をする
|
Expresses an occupation or position
|
|
|
でも
|
Indicates emphasis
|
|
|
でも
|
Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates a cause or a reason
|
|
|
から
|
Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service
|
|
|
は
|
Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective
|
|
|
が
|
Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”
|
|
|
を
|
Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates a state / condition of something
|
|
|
で
|
Limits numbers
|
|
|
だけ
|
Indicates a limit on things or amounts
|
|
|
だけ
|
Indicates a limit on an action or state
|
|
|
で
|
Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something
|
|
|
でも
|
Following a noun, means “or something like this”
|
|
|
も
|
Emphasizes in a positive or negative way
|
|
|
でも
|
Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list
|
|
|
ばかり
|
Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one
|
|
|
ばかり
|
Indicates an action was just completed
|
|
|
ところ
|
Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place
|
|
|
が
|
Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause
|
|
|
から
|
conjunction meaning “after” or “since”
|
|
|
ながら
|
Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously
|
|
|
が
|
Indicates the subject of a relative clause
|
|
|
の
|
Indicates the subject of a relative clause
|
|
|
から
|
Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason
|
|
|
ので
|
Indicates a strong reason
|
|
|
の
|
Indicates a modified pronoun
|
|
|
の
|
Used to nominalize verbs & sentences
|
|
|
なら
|
Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition
|
|
|
なら
|
Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)
|
|
|
と
|
Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome
|
|
|
ば
|
Used as a conjunction to express a probable results
|
|
|
ばいい
|
“all you have to do…”
|
|
|
ば
|
Used to enumerate two or more actions or states
|
|
|
たら
|
Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition
|
|
|
たら
|
Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence
|
|
|
ところ
|
Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery
|
|
|
ても
|
a conjunction meaning “even if”
|
|
|
ても
|
Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives
|
|
|
ても
|
Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”
|
|
|
ては
|
Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion
|
|
|
のみ
|
Indicates a limit (similar to だけ dake)
|
|
|
まで
|
“even”, used to emphasize
|
|
|
さえ
|
“even”, used to emphasize
|
|
|
さえ
|
“if only” or “as long as”
|
|
|
のに
|
“although”, “in spite of the fact that”
|
|
|
ながら
|
“although”, “though”, “but”
|
|
|
とか
|
Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive
|
|
|
たり
|
List of two or more actions in no particular sequence
|
|
|
たり
|
Indicates actions or states that alternate
|
|
|
のに
|
Indicates a purpose or function
|
|
|
のです
|
Asks for an explanation or reason
|
|
|
きり
|
Indicates a limit to an amount
|
|
|
きり
|
Indicates the last time a certain incident occured
|
|
|
とも
|
Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
|
|
|
ながら
|
Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”
|
|
|
しか
|
Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”
|
|
|
しかない
|
used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”
|
|
|
し
|
Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states
|
|
|
し
|
Used as a conjunction indicating a reason
|
|
|
とも
|
Indicates inclusion
|
|
|
に
|
Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon
|
|
|
か
|
Indicates uncertainty about something
|
|
|
か
|
Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason
|
|
|
だの
|
Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)
|
|
|
だの
|
Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states
|
|
|
など
|
“something to the effect”
|
|
|
やら
|
Indicates two or more items of a longer list
|
|
|
やら
|
Indicates uncertainty
|
|
|
ても
|
Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”
|
|
|
とも
|
Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum
|
|
|
は
|
Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit
|
|
|
と
|
Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence
|
|
|
など
|
Indicates examples
|
|
|
くらい
|
Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai
|
|
|
ほど
|
Indicates the extend of an action or condition
|
|
|
ほど
|
“the more… the more…”
|
|
|
だけ
|
“as… as…”
|
|
|
だけ
|
“the more… the more…”
|
|
|
と
|
“about to do something”, “trying to do something”
|
|
|
と
|
“even if…”, “whether… or not”
|
|
|
なり
|
“either…”, “whether…or”
|
|
|
なり
|
“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”
|
|
|
こそ
|
Emphasizes the word preceding it
|
|
|
こそ
|
Emphasizes a reason or a cause
|
|
|
ては
|
Expresses repetition of an action
|
|
|
に
|
Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items
|
|
|
に
|
Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast
|
|
|
にしては
|
Indicates a generally agreed upon standard
|
|
|
にとって
|
Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing
|
|
|
について
|
“about”, “concerning” something or someone
|
|
|
とも…とも
|
“can’t say whether… or…”
|
|
|
が
|
“even if”, “whether… or not”
|
|
|
は
|
Emphasizes contrasting elements
|
|
|
として
|
Indicates status, capacity or function
|
|
|
として
|
Provides emphasis in a negative sentence
|
|
|
ばかりでなく
|
“not only… but also”
|
|
|
だけ
|
used to express “not only…but also”
|
|
|
のみ
|
used to express “not only…but also”
|
|
|
なり
|
“as soon as”
|
|
|
がはやいか
|
“as soon as”
|
|
|
やいなや
|
“as soon as”
|
|
|
かないうちに
|
“no sooner had”, “hardly had”
|
|
|
ばかり
|
Indicates the only action left to do
|
|
|
ばかりに
|
Emphasizes a reason or cause
|
|
|
すら
|
Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”
|
|
|
など
|
Expresses a humble attitude towards an item
|
|
|
とも
|
“no matter what”, “even if”
|
|
|
ともあろうひと
|
To express that someone did something not to be expected
|
|
|
どころか
|
“far from”, “not to mention”
|
|
|
だけに
|
Indicates a cause or reason
|
|
|
までもない
|
“there is no need to…”
|
|
|
ものの
|
“but” or “although”
|
|
|
ところで
|
“even if”
|
|
|
けれども
|
Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”
|
|
|
けれども
|
Indicates a preliminary remark
|
|
|
が
|
Used to soften a statement or refusal
|
|
|
けれども
|
Indicates a desire
|
|
|
ね
|
At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement
|
|
|
ね
|
At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion
|
|
|
ね
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause
|
|
|
ねえ
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion
|
|
|
よ
|
At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction
|
|
|
よ
|
At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion
|
|
|
かしら
|
At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women
|
|
|
かな
|
At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men
|
|
|
な
|
At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement
|
|
|
な
|
At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men
|
|
|
なあ
|
At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men
|
|
|
なあ
|
At the end of a sentence to express a desire
|
|
|
の
|
At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women
|
|
|
わ
|
At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women
|
|
|
さ
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men
|
|
|
こと
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women
|
|
|
こと
|
At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women
|
|
|
もの
|
At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse
|
|
|
とも
|
At the end of a sentence to express an assertion
|
|
|
ものか
|
At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men
|
|
|
や
|
At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men
|
|
|
たら
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal
|
|
|
やら
|
At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication
|
|
|
ぜ
|
At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men
|
|
|
ぞ
|
At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself
|
